slide

1. BRIDGESBRIDGES
Engineer-It ClassEngineer-It Class
Summer 2004Summer 2004

2. HistoryHistory
• Primitive Peoples:Primitive Peoples:
– LogsLogs
– Slabs of RocksSlabs of Rocks
– Intertwined Vines or RopesIntertwined Vines or Ropes
• Roman Empire—First Great Bridge BuildersRoman Empire—First Great Bridge Builders
– Timber Truss BridgesTimber Truss Bridges
– Masonry Arch BridgesMasonry Arch Bridges
• EuropeansEuropeans
– Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel UseFollowed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
• Nineteenth Century—Nineteenth Century—
– Modern Long BridgesModern Long Bridges
– Moveable BridgesMoveable Bridges

3. Rock BridgesRock Bridges

4. Wadi Rum Rock Bridge

5. View under Rainbow Bridge, a
massive sandstone bridge in
Natural Bridges National
Monument, Utah, includes a dried
up streambed.
"Rainbow Bridge, Utah."

6. Rope BridgesRope Bridges

12. Log BridgesLog Bridges

13. LOG BRIDGELOG BRIDGE
Members of a DenverMembers of a Denver
and Salt Lake Railroadand Salt Lake Railroad
Company (D&SL)Company (D&SL)
survey crew pose on asurvey crew pose on a
loglog bridgebridge over theover the
Colorado River in GoreColorado River in Gore
Canyon (GrandCanyon (Grand
County), Colorado.County), Colorado.

14. View of a settlement in (probably) Utah; shows a log bridge, a stream, and houses.
People sit on a porch; a United States flag waves from a pole.

15. U.S. Army soldiers from the Ohio Engineers, building a small
log bridge over a ditch, at Fort Sheridan, Illinois

16. LOG BRIDGELOG BRIDGEView of hot springs site enclosed by stone andView of hot springs site enclosed by stone and
wooden frame buildings, Hot Sulphur Springs, COwooden frame buildings, Hot Sulphur Springs, CO

18. Covered BridgesCovered Bridges

19. COVEREDCOVERED
BRIDGEBRIDGE
• Bridges. OldBridges. Old
covered bridge,covered bridge,
Jackson River,Jackson River,
Va.Va.

20. Structure of covered bridge. Wallingford, Vermont

25. Covered Bridge, Glen
Canyon, Santa Cruz
County, CA

26. CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION
• Must carry own weight and weight of trafficMust carry own weight and weight of traffic
– Must withstand force of high windsMust withstand force of high winds
– Must consider effects of contraction and/orMust consider effects of contraction and/or
– Expansion due to temperature changesExpansion due to temperature changes
– Most common materialsMost common materials
• Wood—temporaryWood—temporary
• Steel—for long, strong spansSteel—for long, strong spans
• Reinforced concrete—attractive designs but difficult to workReinforced concrete—attractive designs but difficult to work
with on large bridgeswith on large bridges
• Prestressed concrete—stronger than reinforced, cheaperPrestressed concrete—stronger than reinforced, cheaper
than steelthan steel

27. TYPES OF BRIDGESTYPES OF BRIDGES
• FixedFixed
• MoveableMoveable
• OtherOther

28. Beam or Girder BridgesBeam or Girder Bridges

29. FIXEDFIXED
• Beam or GirderBeam or Girder
– Two parallel beams w/ flooring supported byTwo parallel beams w/ flooring supported by
pierspiers
– Span can be supported by trestleSpan can be supported by trestle
– Used for hwy over/underpasses or smallUsed for hwy over/underpasses or small
stream crossingsstream crossings
– Example—Covered BridgeExample—Covered Bridge

30. Cars on a suspension bridge over a river, possibly in Colorado.

31. enz_bridge.jpg

32. Millennium Bridge, LondonMillennium Bridge, London

33. ostruz.jpg www.prevodi-vertalingen.com/.../ ostruz.html

34. Truss BridgesTruss Bridges

35. FIXEDFIXED
• TrussTruss
– Beam bridge strengthed by trusses (structuralBeam bridge strengthed by trusses (structural
spts joined to form triangles with tie rods)spts joined to form triangles with tie rods)
– Lighter than ordinary beam sections of equalLighter than ordinary beam sections of equal
lengthlength
– Useful for longer bridgesUseful for longer bridges

36. Timber Truss BridgeTimber Truss Bridge

37. Continuous Truss BridgesContinuous Truss Bridges

38. View west of an iron truss bridge crossing the Colorado River on the Denver
and Rio Grande Railroad Montrose line at Grand Junction, Colorado; people
and horses are on a sand bar.

39. View of the bridge crossing the White River at Meeker, CO

40. White Water Creek Bridge, Spanning White Water Creek,
Bernard vicinity, Dubuque County, IA

41. Truss BridgeTruss Bridge
View of a trestle bridge that
crosses Arastra Gulch near
Silverton (San Juan County),
Colorado.

42. Jefferson Barracks Bridge
Location: Mississippi River, Jefferson Barracks, Missouri

43. Simple Truss BridgesSimple Truss Bridges

44. FAI 24 Bridge Over the Ohio River
Paducah, Kentucky
www.modjeski.com/projects/ servproj/paducah.htm

45. gcdranet.homelinux.com/davehonan/ bridges/il.html Cairo

46. Ohio River ferry and railroad bridge, Metropolis, IL

47. Arch BridgesArch Bridges

48. FIXEDFIXED
• ArchArch
– One or more archesOne or more arches
– Masonry, reinforced concrete or steelMasonry, reinforced concrete or steel
– Roadway on toop of arches or suspended byRoadway on toop of arches or suspended by
cablescables
– Spans can be longer than beam or trussSpans can be longer than beam or truss

49. AquaductAquaduct

50. Old stone bridge at Bull Run Battlefield. Manassas, Virginia.

52. Stone bridge in Rock Creek Park.

53. Stone bridge, Elizabeth Park, Hartford, Ct..

54. Old Stone Bridge, Boonton, N.J..

55. Stone Bridge at Bowling Green, Gallatin vicinity, Sumner County, TN

57. Segovia, Spain

59. Franklin Park, Ellicott Bridge, Emerald Necklace, Boston, MA

60. Pont du GardPont du Gard

61. Arch bridge, Bellows Falls, Vt..

62. Bayonne Bridge, Spanning Kill Van Kull between Bayonne &
Staten Is, Bayonne, Hudson County, NJ

63. Kill van Kull Bridge

64. [Hell Gate Bridge (New York Connecting RailroadBridge), New York].

65. [Hell Gate Bridge (New York Connecting RailroadBridge), New York].

66. Steel Arch Bridge, Niagara.Steel Arch Bridge, Niagara.

67. http://www.brokk.com/images/jpg/sando.jpg

68. Sydney, Australia

69. www.bardaglea.org.uk/.../ bridge-types-arch.html
Arches can also be set above the deck as on the Sydney harbour
bridge in Australia. This allows much more space beneath for ships
to pass under.

70. Blue Water Bridge
Blue Water Bridges are a major international crossing over the St. Clair river at the
southern end of Lake Huron

71. Eads Bridge, St. Louis

72. Port Mann Bridge, Coquitlam-Surrey BC
This graceful steel arch, once the third-longest of its kind in the world, carries the
Trans-Canada highway across the Fraser River. In 2002 its capacity was
increased with the addition of an eastbound high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane,
bringing the total to five
www.balsabridge.com/ bridge-van.htm

73. Cantilever BridgesCantilever Bridges

74. FIXEDFIXED
• CantileverCantilever
• Double-ended brackets supporting aDouble-ended brackets supporting a
center spancenter span
• Shore end of each cantilever firmlyShore end of each cantilever firmly
anchoredanchored
• Center supported by pierCenter supported by pier

75. Quebec Bridge

76. Quebec Bridge

77. Quebec Bridge

78. Quebec Bridge

79. Quebec
Bridge

80. Quebec Bridge

81. Quebec Bridge
On June 15, 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was
misaligned by a quarter of an inch. Cooper called this a "not serious" problem. In
the inspection report in August, 1907, it was noted that the girders had moved out
alignment a bit more and "appeared bent". Although this condition was a bit more
concerning, the work continued.

82. Scotland's Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure. The bridge
was constructed from 1882-1890, 2.5 KM (1.5 miles) across Scotland's Firth
of Forth. Note reflection of photographer from glass frame.
http://www.pre-engineering.com/resources/forth/forthbridge.htm

83. http://www.brantacan.co.uk/cantilever.htm

85. Lewis and Clark Bridge (Longview-Rainier Bridge) across the Columbia River.

86. [Queensboro Bridge, Roosevelt Island, New York, N.Y.].

87. Astoria bridge

88. Suspension BridgesSuspension Bridges

89. FIXEDFIXED
• SuspensionSuspension
– Roadway hangs from vertical cables supported byRoadway hangs from vertical cables supported by
overhead cables strung between two or more towersoverhead cables strung between two or more towers
– Longest spansLongest spans
– CostlyCostly
– Difficult to designDifficult to design
– Highly susceptible to winds and swayingHighly susceptible to winds and swaying
– Cables can be up to three feet in diameterCables can be up to three feet in diameter

90. Tanana River suspension bridge.
http://tapseis.anl.gov/guide/photo/Tanana_Bridge.html

91. Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong

92. Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, JapanAkashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan

93. Brooklyn BridgeBrooklyn Bridge

94. The 3rd Carquinez Strait Bridge will replace the original bridge that was built in 1927.

95. Ambassador BridgeAmbassador Bridge

96. Ambassador BridgeAmbassador Bridge

97. Golden Gate BridgeGolden Gate Bridge

100. Golden GateGolden Gate
StructuresStructures

102. When it opened in 1964, the Verrazano Narrows Bridge was the
world's longest suspension span. Today, its length is surpassed
only by the Humber Bridge in England.

103. Verrazano

104. Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsing, Tacoma, Washington, 1940
On the morning of November 7, 1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-
hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound. The disaster -- which luckily took
no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were
built around the world. Roadway of Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisting violently in a windstorm,
Tacoma, Washington, 1940

106. Cable-Stayed BridgesCable-Stayed Bridges

107. FIXEDFIXED
• Cable-StayedCable-Stayed
• Suspended by cables that run directlySuspended by cables that run directly
down to roadway from central towersdown to roadway from central towers
• Less costly than suspensionLess costly than suspension
• Quickly constructableQuickly constructable
• Spans must be limited in lengthSpans must be limited in length

108. Sunshine Skyway Bridge, St. Petersburg and Bradenton, Florida

109. Sunshine Skyway Bridge, St. Petersburg and Bradenton, Florida

110. Clark Bridge in Alton, ILClark Bridge in Alton, IL

111. Clark Bridge in Alton, ILClark Bridge in Alton, IL

112. Clark Bridge in Alton, ILClark Bridge in Alton, IL

113. Dames Port Florida

114. Dames Port Florida

115. Dames Port Florida

116. Swing BridgesSwing Bridges

117. MOVEABLEMOVEABLE
• SwingSwing
• Central span turned 90 degrees on pivotCentral span turned 90 degrees on pivot
pier placed in middle of waterwaypier placed in middle of waterway
• Double swing possibleDouble swing possible

118. Catalog AdvertisementCatalog Advertisement

119. Moveable BridgeMoveable Bridge

120. BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB, IRAQBRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB, IRAQ

121. Detail of south truss showing truss configuration and connections
HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3

122. Detail of south truss showing truss configuration and connections
HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3

123. Coleman Bridge,
Spanning Phelps
Brook, on Windsor
Bush Road, at th,
Windsor, Berkshire
County, MA

124. Bascule BridgesBascule Bridges

125. MOVEABLEMOVEABLE
• BasculeBascule
– One or two sections not supported by piersOne or two sections not supported by piers
– Balanced on one end by counterweightsBalanced on one end by counterweights
– Section jackknifes up to allow passage ofSection jackknifes up to allow passage of
shipsships
– Most common type of highway drawbridgeMost common type of highway drawbridge

126. View of an elevated train crossing the Van Buren Street Railroad
Bridge which spanned the Chicago River from the Loop to the
Near West Side community area in Chicago, Illinois.

127. View of a bascule bridge over the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois.

128. Haarlem old lifting bridge.
Lifting bridges are moveable bridges which enable
boats to pass. They vary from simple wooden designs
such as many seen in the Netherlands to large steel
structures which carry heavy roads such as the
bascule bridge in Docklands.

129. Erie Street Bridge, a bascule bridge, with the two leaves in raisedErie Street Bridge, a bascule bridge, with the two leaves in raised
positionposition

130. Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge

131. Erie Avenue Bridge
Newberry Bridge

132. Vertical Lift BridgesVertical Lift Bridges

133. MOVEABLEMOVEABLE
• Vertical LiftVertical Lift
– Central span extends between two towersCentral span extends between two towers
– Balanced by counterweightsBalanced by counterweights
– Variation of this type is bridge over Shatt-al-Variation of this type is bridge over Shatt-al-
arab River in Iraq—Roadway sinks into waterarab River in Iraq—Roadway sinks into water
to allow ships to pass over itto allow ships to pass over it

134. Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge

135. Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge
Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts

136. Leamington Lift Bridge, Scotland

137. Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New Jersey to
Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond County, NY

138. Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New Jersey to
Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond County, NY

139. GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL

140. The vertical lift bridge that carries US-41 across the Portage Canal.

141. Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

142. Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

143. Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

144. Bailey BridgesBailey Bridges

145. OTHEROTHER
• BaileyBailey
– Small truss bridge made in sectionsSmall truss bridge made in sections
– Assembled on shoreAssembled on shore
– Pushed out from shore to cover spanPushed out from shore to cover span
– Transportable to new sitesTransportable to new sites

146. BaileyBailey
Tank destroyer advances along
a mountain road, Italy

149. Pontoon BridgesPontoon Bridges

150. OTHEROTHER
• PontoonPontoon
– Floats on waterFloats on water
– Can be disassembled and moved to new siteCan be disassembled and moved to new site
– Supported by pontoons or bargesSupported by pontoons or barges

151. The U.S. Army's
Sava River bridge is
taken apart at
nightfall and put
together in the
morning

152. View of James River Pontoon Bridge, from south side, above Jones' Landing.

153. Pontoon bridges, North Anna, constructed by the 50th N.Y.V.
Engineers, below railroad bridge, where a portion of the 2nd Corps,
under Gen. Hancock crossed 23rd May, 1864

154. Broadway Landing, Va. Pontoon bridge across
the Appomattox

155. Evergreen Floating BridgeEvergreen Floating Bridge

157. Evergreen Bridge.
The official name of the bridge is the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge at
Evergreen Point, after a popular former governor who was in office when the
bridge opened.

158. Combined BridgesCombined Bridges

159. [Stony Brook glen,
Shawmut Bridge,
Dansville, N.Y.].

160. Knie_bridge

161. Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg

162. Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg

163. Old Alton Bridge

164. Name that BridgeName that Bridge
Give the type for each.Give the type for each.