1. Water Pollution
• The primary natural sources and basic
need of living things is water
• It is existed in mainly
• Marine 97%
• Fresh water 03%

2. Supply of water
• Agriculture 69%
Industry 23%
Domestic 08%
About 1.3billion people were unable to access
water worldwide.
• Total volume of water in India 1850Km3
, which 4 % fresh water resources of world

3. • 70% all available sources of waters of India are
polluted
80% domestic waste water is causing
pollution.
In India 70 million people live by the sewerage
system.
The water is contaminated by human
activities.

4. Important words
• Aquifers - natural rock formations, which
contain ground water.
• Eutrophication - The process of slowly filling
in a water body with sediments and organic
matter and lowering of oxygen.
• Point source - occurs when harmful
substances are emitted directly into a body
of water. i.g. One way in which this occurs, is
when someone throws a coke can into a body
of water.

5. • Non point source - delivers pollutants
indirectly through environmental changes.
One way in, which this occurs, is through run-
off.
• Pathogens - or disease producing organism.
• Pollution - to make foul or unclean; dirty.
• Sediments - minerals or organic matter
deposited by water, air, or ice...matter which
settles to the bottom .

6. The sources of pollution categorized into
• Point sources: e.g. A pipe spewing toxic
chemicals directly discharge into a river at a
particular point.

9. Point Source - Example
• LUST - Leaky Underground Storage Tanks
• 22% of the 1.2 million UST are LUSTy
• Look at water pollution from gasoline...

10. Point source
examples

11. • Non-point sources: The waste water carried
into a stream by surface runoff(without any
pipe) e.g. Fertilizer mixing water from
agriculture field.

12. Non-point source pollutants - nutrients

13. Non point source
examples

14. Water Pollution (Public place)

15. Garbage in water body

16. Agriculture waste water

17. Sewage water is mixing in water body

18. Stream polluted with crude oil.
Trinidad

19. Plastic garbage patch in Atlantica

20. • Oil pollution of waterways can have devastating
effects on aquatic vegetation and animal life.
• Oil contains toluene and benzene which are
toxic, but these compounds evaporate quickly
and do not do most of the damage.
• It is other compounds in crude oil - polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons - that are the source of
most of the environmental problems.
•

21. • These compounds persist in the environment
much longer (do not evaporate) and coat
shorelines and estuaries severely impacting
ecosystems by blocking light and gas exchange.
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons also negatively
effect sea mammals and sea birds and can kill
them.
• Interestingly, while big oil spills make the
headlines, most oil pollution comes from runoff -
used engine oil, industrial and commercial waste,
etc.

22. Garbage in water

23. Garbage in polluted stream. Trinidad
Facts: Increasing economic an social development in Trinidad contributes to the degradation of the islands'
environment. Water pollution from agricultural, domestic, industrial and municipal sources is a particularly
significant problem. Residential areas produce raw sewage and household wastes.

24. Polluted river running through a slum in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Facts: Water pollution may pose significant health threats such as diseases like typhoid, cholera and dysentery.
Aquatic life in the river may also be affected by pollution, and some polluted rivers (like the one in the photo in
Malaysia) are still fished.

25. Tilings settling pond with Sycrude processing plant in background. Photographed in
Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada.

26. • Syncrude utilizes the Clark hot water process
which uses hot water to separate the bitumen
from the sand after it is mined from the surface.
• The leftover water is dumped in the tailings
ponds, which contain a mixture of
clay, sand, water and hydrocarbons.
• Tailings ponds can be dangerous as the wastes
are sometimes toxic and/or corrosive and
detrimental to the environment.

27. Pollution - Sewage & Trash
Location: Tijuana River Estuary San Diego California
Winter storms flush huge quantities of raw sewage and floating trash from Tijuana Mexico down the Tijuana
River to be deposited in the river estuary and ultimately in the ocean.

28. Pollution - Sign Warning of Sewage Spill
Location: Imperial Beach San Diego California
On the beach next to Imperial Pier a family watches as a surfer who choose to ignore the
warnings exits the water.

29. Pollution - Spilled Gasoline and/or Oil Forms Patterns on Water Surface

30. Fish Die Offs - Tilapia at the Salton Sea

31. •
Location: Salton Sea Imp. County California
The Salton Sea has been in decline for years.
• Large scale fish die offs have become annual summer events since the late
nineties.
• The major causes are believed to be the ever increasing salinity pollution
from Mexico via the New River and agricultural runoff from the
surrounding farmland on the southern end of the Sea.
• The pollutants include huge quantities of raw sewage industrial waste
farm fertilizers and pesticides.

32. Garbage at the bottom of a Waterfall

33. Ferry crossing the Bosphorus, Istanbul Turkey

34. Blocks of ice on the Sainte Anne River, Quebec.
The village called Sainte Anne de la Perade is famous for ice fishing in winter.
January 2004

35. Mining pollution Facts: Sludge flowing from a pipe at a copper mine.
Photographed in Chile

39. • Def: Water pollution may be defined as the addition of
any substance to water, which may change the physical
and chemical characters in any way, which may
interfere with use for legitimate purposes.
• Pollutants .Dissolved solids, minerals, dust, fibers etc.
• Dissolved gases
• Suspended matter
• Microbes

40.  The effect of Pollutants on river water quality
depends on
-The type of pollutant
-concentration of pollutant in the water
-the length of exposure to the community
Effect of water pollution
-Depletion of dissolved oxygen in surface water
bodies affecting the fish and other water bodies

41. -The toxic substance render the water unfit for
the down stream use.
-the pathogens from the domestic sewage
contaminate the water and causes the
transmission of water borne diseases
-The increased temperature due to discharge of
effluent from thermal power stations cause
direct responses.
i. Heat stress or death sensitive species
ii. Enhanced microorganisms respiration.

42. Effects
• When toxic substances enter lakes, streams,
rivers, oceans, and other water bodies, they
get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get
deposited on the bed.
• This results in the pollution of water whereby
the quality of the water deteriorates, affecting
aquatic ecosystems.
• Pollutants can also seep down and affect the
groundwater deposits.

43. Sources
• Water pollution has many sources.
• The most polluting of them are the city
sewage and
• Industrial waste discharged into the rivers.
The facilities to treat waste water are not
adequate in any city in India.

44. • Domestic sewage refers to waste water that is
discarded from households. Also referred to as
sanitary sewage, such water contains a wide
variety of dissolved and suspended impurities.
• Wastewater from Domestic and
Canteens, Hotels and Restaurants. ex. Bio-
waste

45. Industrial effluents
During the last fifty years, the number of
industries in India has grown rapidly.
Waste water from manufacturing or chemical
processes in industries contributes to water
pollution.
Industrial waste water usually contains specific
and readily identifiable chemical compounds.

46. • Effluents from Industries: e.g.
textiles, chemicals, dyeing, paper and
pulp, pharmaceuticals, tanneries, dairy forms, nuclear power
plants, thermal power plants, meat
packing, sugar, refineries, mining, petroleum drilling wells and
drainages
-Pathogens: Bacteria, Warms
• Ecological Pollution: e.g. large animal deer drowns in a flood
large amount of organic material added to the water. Land slide
Farming: e.g. fertilizers increase the amount of nitrates and
phosphates

47. • Pollen grains from water plants
Flooding during rainy season
-Disposal of human and animal waste
-Agriculture Waste
-Untreated Sewage

48. • Most of these defaulting industries are sugar
mills, distilleries, leather processing
industries, and thermal power stations.
• Most of the major industries have treatment
facilities for industrial effluents.
• Presently, only about 10% of the waste water
generated is treated; the rest is discharged as it is
into our water bodies. Due to this, pollutants
enter groundwater, rivers, and other water
bodies.

49. • Agricultural run-off, or the water from the
fields that drains into rivers, is another major
water pollutant as it contains fertilizers and
pesticides.

51. Path ways of water Pollution
• Three last forms of water pollution exist in the forms of
petroleum, radioactive substances, and heat.
• Petroleum often pollutes water bodies in the form of oil, resulting from oil
spills.
• The previously mentioned Exxon Valdez is an example of this type of water
pollution.
• These large-scale accidental discharges of petroleum are an important
cause of pollution along shore lines. Besides the supertankers, off-shore
drilling operations contribute a large share of pollution.
• One estimate is that one ton of oil is spilled for every million tons of oil
transported. This is equal to about 0.0001 percent.

52. • Radioactive substances are produced in the form of
waste from nuclear power plants, and from the
industrial, medical, and scientific use of radioactive
materials.
• Specific forms of waste are uranium and thorium
mining and refining. The last form of water pollution is
heat.
• Heat is a pollutant because increased temperatures
result in the deaths of many aquatic organisms.
• These decreases in temperatures are caused when a
discharge of cooling water by factories and power
plants occurs.

53. Major Pollutants
Organic Compounds
• Phenols
• Hydrocarbons
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Dye stuffs
• Organic acids
• Detergents
• Organic pesticides
• Fats and Oils
• CFCs etc

54. Inorganic compounds
• Acids
Alkalis
Cyanides
Halogens
Nitrites
Nitrates
Sulphides
Sulphur
Phosphates

55. • Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Arsenic
Zinc, Chromium3+
Chromium 6+
Lead, Silver
Mercury
Cadmium
Copper

56. • Garbage
Cans
bottles,
plastics
vegetable waste
needles
Glass
• Medical waste

57. Water quality Parameters
• Colour, pH,
Odour,
• Temperature
TSS,
TDS,
DO,
BOD,
COD
SO2, S,
Cl, F,Br, I,
P, N,
NO3, N, Tra
ces of metals

58. • Definition of pH
• pH can be viewed as an abbreviation for power of
hydrogen or more completely, power of the concentration
of hydrogen ion.
• The mathematical definition of pH is a bit less intuitive, but
with a calculator in hand, more useful. It says that the pH is
equal to the negative log of the hydrogen ion
concentration, or pH = -log [H+].
• Range for pH 1-14
• Acidic: 1-6.5
• Neutral: 7
• Alkali: 7.5 -14

59. • Dissolved oxygen
• Dissolved oxygen (Science: biochemistry) The
concentration of oxygen dissolved in
water, expressed in mg/l or as percent
saturation, where saturation is the maximum
amount of oxygen that can theoretically be
dissolved in water at a given altitude and
temperature.

60. • Total suspended solids is a water quality
measurement usually abbreviated TSS.
• This parameter was at one time called non-
filterable residue (NFR).
• Definitions, "filterable" means just the
opposite: the material passed by a filter,
usually called "Total dissolved solids" or TDS.
• Thus in chemistry the non-filterable solids are
the retained material called the residue.

61. • Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): laboratory
measurement of the amount of oxygen used in
chemical reactions that occur in water as a result
of the addition of wastes.
• A measure of the oxygen required to oxidize all
compounds, both organic and inorganic, in water.
• A measure of the oxygen-consuming capacity of
inorganic and organic matter present in water or
wastewater. the amount of oxygen consumed
from a chemical oxidant in a specific test

62. • Biochemical Oxygen Demand - the rate at
which microorganisms use the oxygen in
water or wastewater while stabilizing
decomposable organic matter under aerobic
conditions.
• In decomposition, organic matter serves as
food for the bacteria and energy results from
this oxidation.
• www.alken-murray.com/glossarybug.html

63. Characterization of waste waters
• Physical Characters: Colour, odour,
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Insoluble substances
• Corrosive properties
• Radio activity
• Temperature range
• Foamability

64. Chemical characters
• pH
• Chemical oxygen demand(COD)
• Acidity
• Alkalinity
• Hardness
• Total carbon
• Total Dissolved solids
• Chlorine demand
• Known organic and inorganic components
• E.g.Cr,S2,SO42-,N,Pb,Cd,Hg,As, are inorganic
• phenols, hydrocarbon, oils and greases are
organic

65. Chemical characters
• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Pathogenic bacteria,
• Toxicity to man
• Aquatic organisms
• Plants and other forms

66. Waste water treatment
• Physical methods
• Removing floating or suspended solids or
liquid pollutants based on their density
difference from water.
• Reverser osmosis
• Filtration
• Form separation
• Porous bed filtration, adsorption
• Crystalization

67. Chemical methods
• Industrial effluents contains
• Acids
• Alkalis
• Undesirable chlorides
• Phenols
• Sulphates
• Chromates
• Phosphates
• Salts of mercury, lead, calcium, barium, zinc
• Acid and base neutralization before they
discharge into water bodies

68. • Biological treatment method
• Colloidal or dissolved solids are converted into
settleable solids by microorganisms under
favourable conditions.
• Anaerobic treatment takes place in the total
absence of oxygen and is a slow process.
• Aerobic biological treatment methods include
the activated sludge process, trickling filter
process and stabilization pond

69. Food Industry

71. • Raw sewage includes waste from
• Sinks, toilets, and industrial processes.
• Treatment of the sewage is required before it
can be safely buried, used, or released back
into local water systems.
• In a treatment plant, the waste is passed
through a series of screens, chambers, and
chemical processes to reduce its bulk and
toxicity.

72. • The three general phases of treatment are
primary, secondary, and tertiary. During primary
treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids
and inorganic material is removed from the sewage.
• The focus of secondary treatment is reducing organic
material by accelerating natural biological processes.
• Tertiary treatment is necessary when the water will be
reused;
• 99 percent of solids are removed and various chemical
processes are used to ensure the water is as free from
impurity as possible.

73. Case study. e.g.Texas
• The causes of surface water pollution.
Collected water from 190 segments impacted high
bacteria levels,
103 segments low dissolved oxygen18 segments high
metal contents
19 segments organics (dioxins)
12 segments dissolved solids
8 segments chlorides
7 segments metals
They found in fish and shellfish

74. Pie diagram showing contaminants in
water
DO pH
Met als
5%2%
5%
Pat hogens
pest icides
11% Chlorides
pest icides
Pat hogens Met als
Chlorides
16% 61% DO
pH

75. There is no pipe line to surface water run off into rivers.
EPA estimated non point sources
• Pollution at Texas
Rivers 65%
Lakes 76%
Estuaries 45%
Texas Commission of Environment Quality
identified 220 out of 238 water bodies or 92%
damaged.
• State Funded Project has taken up Clean River
project

76. Wastewater Treatment Process
Contaminant Treatment system Treatment
process plants/Unit
Pathogenic Chlorination, Chlorinator,
organisms ozonation ozonator
Turbidity and Screening, Screeners/clarifiers,
suspended solids sedimentation, filters
Filtration
Coagulation/floccul Clariflocculator and
ation/ filter
Sedimentation/
filtration
Color Adsorption, Ion- Adsorption towers
exchange,
coagulation and
flocculation/ Clariflocculator and
sedimentation/ filter
filtration

77. Tastes and odors Oxidation (aeration), Aerator, Activated carbon
adsorption, Chemical filter,
oxidation,
Organic matter Biological oxidation, Activated sludge process,
Adsorption, Ion-exchange, trickling filter,
ozonation Softenerozonator,
Rotating biological
contactor,
Upflow anaerobic sludge
blanket,
Hardness ions Ca+2, Mg + Chemical precipitation, clarifier, Softeners
Ion-exchange

78. Dissolved gases Aeration, Vacuum Aerator
deaeration Degassifier
Chlorinator
Heavy metals Chemical precipitation, Clariflocculator
ion-exchange Ion-exchange column
Iron and manganese Ion exchange, Oxidation Ion exchange
precipitation/ filtration Aerator/settler/filter
Dissolved solids Reverse osmosis, Reverse osmosis Plant
Distillation Evaporator

79. Residents of the Love Canal area in Niagara Falls were forced to evacuate when
hazardous wastes leaking from a former disposal site threatened their health and
homes in the late 1970s.
One of the most notorious cases of toxic waste leakage, the crisis received attention
on both local and national levels. Investigation spurred by public outrage revealed that
many waste disposal sites like Love Canal existed nationwide.
New York alone had several hundred.
Several states have since passed stricter regulations on industrial waste disposal and
allocated billions of dollars for the cleanup of contaminated areas.

80. • Industrial Pollution
• In the United States industry is the greatest source of pollution,
accounting for more than half the volume of all water pollution and for
the most deadly pollutants.
• Some 370,000 manufacturing facilities use huge quantities of freshwater
to carry away wastes of many kinds.
• The waste-bearing water, or effluent, is discharged into streams, lakes, or
oceans, which in turn disperse the polluting substances.
• In its National Water Quality Inventory, reported to Congress in 1996,
• the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concluded that approximately
40% of the nation's surveyed lakes, rivers, and estuaries were too polluted
for such basic uses as drinking supply, fishing, and swimming.
• The pollutants include grit, asbestos, phosphates and nitrates, mercury,
lead, caustic soda and other sodium compounds, sulfur and sulfuric acid,
oils, and petrochemicals.

81. • In addition, numerous manufacturing plants pour
off undiluted corrosives, poisons, and other
noxious byproducts.
• The construction industry discharges slurries of
gypsum, cement, abrasives, metals, and
poisonous solvents.
• Another pervasive group of contaminants
entering food chains is the polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCB) compounds, components of
lubricants, plastic wrappers, and adhesives.

82. • In yet another instance of pollution, hot water
discharged by factories and power plants
causes so-called thermal pollution by
increasing water temperatures.
• Such increases change the level of oxygen
dissolved in a body of water, thereby
disrupting the water's ecological
balance, killing off some plant and animal
species while encouraging the overgrowth of
others.

83. http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/water-pollution.jsp dt 16/4/10
• Legislation and Control
• The United States has enacted extensive
federal legislation to fight water pollution.
• In the United States in 1996, nearly $10 billion
was spent on water and wastewater
treatment alone.

84. • Laws include the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (1972),
• The Marine Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries Act (1972),
• The Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), and the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act, as amended in 1988.

85. • International cooperation is being promoted
by the Inter-Governmental Maritime
Consultive Organization (IMCO), a UN agency.
• An international ban on ocean dumping in
1988 set further restrictions.
• The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Copyright© 2004, Columbia University Press.
Licensed from Lernout & Hauspie Speech
Products N.V. All rights reserved.

86. • Limitation of ocean dumping was proposed at
the 80-nation London Conference of
1972, and in the same year 12 European
nations meeting in Oslo adopted rules to
regulate dumping in the North Atlantic.

87. Effects of water pollution on living things
• Water-borne diseases affect around 3.4
million people globally.
• In India around 5, 63, 000 people are affected
annually.
• One fourth of children affected according to
Ministry of Health and Family Planning Report
Government Of India

88. • The depletion of dissolved oxygen in surface
water bodies thus affecting the fish and other
aquatic life
• The toxic substances render the water unfit for
down stream use.
• The pathogens from the domestic sewage
contaminate the water and cause the
transmission of water borne diseases.
• Thermal power stations discharge heated effluent
in to the water bodies, which increase
temperature in the water bodies and causes heat
stress or death of sensitive species.

89. • In the mid 1950s the people of
Minamata, Japan, on the coast of the Shiranui
Sea, began to notice something wrong with
the cats in their town.
• The cats appeared to be going insane, and
were falling into the sea.
• The people thought the cats were committing
suicide.
•

90. • Soon the people in the town were also
contracting a strange illness.
• Individuals began to have numbness in their
limbs and lips. Some had difficulty hearing or
seeing.
• Others developed shaking (tremors) in their arms
and legs, difficulty walking, even brain damage.
• Others seemed to be going crazy, shouting
uncontrollably.

91. • Unknown syndrome called Minamata disease
In 1956, researchers worked to find the source of
the illness, which they termed Minamata disease.
• Something was affecting the nervous systems of
the people.
• One thing people in this fishing town had in
common was that they all ate fish, so scientists
suspected that the fish in Minamata Bay were
being poisoned.

92. • Chisso Corporation source of environmental pollution
A large petrochemical plant in Minamata run by Chisso Corporation
was immediately suspect.
• Chisso denied the allegations and continued its manufacturing with
no changes to the method of production.
• Finally, in July 1959 researchers from Kumamoto University found
that organic mercury was the cause of Minamata disease.
• Chisso continued to refuse the information and any link of its
mercury waste to the illness.
• It was later discovered that Chisso Corporation had dumped an
estimated 27 tons of mercury compounds into Minamata Bay.

93. • People severely affected
As the mercury dumping continued, babies were
born to poisoned mothers.
• The children were born with severe deformities,
including gnarled limbs, mental retardation,
deafness, and blindness.
• A photographer, W. Eugene Smith, traveled to
Minamata in the 1970s, and his series of
photographs of the suffering of the people there
were published and seen around the world.

94. • A poisoning epidemic
Chisso finally quit poisoning the waters in Minamata in
1968.
• According to Japanese government figures, 2,955
people contracted Minamata disease, and 1,784
people have since died.
• Researchers believe, however, that the criteria the
government uses to diagnose Minamata disease is too
strict, and that anyone who showed any impairment in
his/her senses should be certified as a victim.
• A group of these yet-to-be-recognized victims plans to
file a compensation suit against the government.

95. • In April 2001 the Osaka High Court
determined that the government's Health and
Welfare Ministry should have begun taking
regulatory action to stop the poisoning

96. • at the end of 1959, after it concluded that
Minamata disease was caused by mercury
poisoning.
• The court also ordered Chisso to pay $2.18
million in damages to the plaintiffs.

97. • On October 16, 2004, the Supreme Court of
Japan ordered the government to pay 71.5
million yen ($703,000) in damages to the
Minamata disease victims.
• The Environment Minister bowed in apology
to the plaintiffs.

98. • After 22 years, the plaintiffs achieved their
goal of making those responsible for Japan's
worst case of industrial pollution pay for their
negligence.
• No amount of money, though, can ever make
up for the lives needlessly lost to Minamata
disease.
• http://rarediseases.about.com/od/raredisease
s1/a/102304.htm

99. • Conclusions: The water pollution creates
various health problems and damaging public
property. The people should strictly follow
regulations. Then we can achieve zero
pollution.