4. “Pediatric can be defined as the branch of
medical science that deals with the care of
childhood from conception to adolescent in
health and illness. It concern with prevention,
promotion, curative and rehabilitative care of
children.”
5. Neonate: A newborn baby, specifically a
baby in the first 4 weeks after birth. After a
month, a baby is no longer considered a
neonate.
6. The neonatal period (birth to 1 month) is a time
of extensive and ongoing system transition from
uterine environment to external world, this
includes the initial period after birth which is
referred to as the perinatal period. It would seem
obvious to say that development does not stop at
birth.
7. A healthy newborn infant born at term, between 38
to 42 weeks, cries, immediately after birth,
establishes independent rhythmic respiration,
quickly adapts with extra-uterine environment,
having an average birth weight and no congenital
anomalies.
8. The period from birth to 28 days of life is called
neonatal period and the infant in this period is
termed as neonate or newborn baby.
10. ANTHROPOMETRIC
MEASUREMENTS
Height – 48- 53 cm
Weight – 2.5 – 3.5 kg
Head circumference – 33- 35 cm
Chest circumference - 31- 33 cm
Posture :
The newborn assumes the attitude of its
intrauterine life , i.e. extremities flexed and fists
clenched.
11.
12. Head circumference is a measurement of a
child's head around its largest area. It measures the
distance from above the eyebrows and ears and
around the back of the head.
13. Chest circumference was measured by means
of a steel tape at the level of the nipples, and
the measurement taken with the chest at rest
between maximum inspiration and expiration.
14. VITAL SIGNS:
Temperature : 97.7 degree Celsius i.e. 100 degree
Fahrenheit.
Pulses: normal- 120-160 beats per min.
Respiration: normal- 40-60breats /min.
Blood pressure :normal range 60-70/31-45mmHg.
BP is directly related to gestational age and
birth weight of the infant.
16. OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
U/L ratio (upper body segmen
t : lower body segment) at
birth is about 1.7; at age 3
years it is 1.3; at greater than
7 years, it is 1.0 with
the upper body segment an
lower body segment being
about equal.
17.
18. The neonate lies in a posture of partial flexion
attitude as in utero.
19. The skin is pinkish but bluish hands and feet
(acrocyanosis) may present for short time
after birth, even in normal infant (1 month to
1 year baby).
20. Skin may be covered with vernix caseosa and
lanugo hair especially at back.
21. Vernix caseosa, also known as vernix,
is the waxy or cheese-like white
substance found coating the skin of
newborn human babies. It is produced
by dedicated cells and is thought to
have some protective roles during fetal
development and for a few hours after
birth.
22. Lanugo is the hair that covers the body of some
newborns. This downy, unpigmented hair is the first
type of hair that grows from hair follicles. It can be
found everywhere on a baby's body, except on the
palms, lips, and soles of the feet. Most fetuses
develop lanugo around the fourth or fifth month of
pregnancy.
23. The head may so moulding and caput
succedaneum.
24. When a baby is born in a head-first position,
pressure on the head in the birth canal may mold the
head into an oblong shape. These spaces between the
bones allow the baby's head to change shape.
25. “Caput succedaneum” refers to swelling, or
edema, of an infant's scalp that appears as a
lump or bump on their head shortly after delivery.
This condition is harmless and is due to pressure
put on the infant's head during delivery. It doesn't
indicate damage to the brain or the bones of the
cranium.
26. The ear cartilage is firm and fully curved,
showing good elastic recoil.
28. The breast nodule is palpable, measuring over 5
mm in diameter.
29. The scrotum shows adequate ragae with deep
pigmentation and palpable testes(at least one).
The labia majora covers labia minora.
The sole of foot shows prominent deep creases.
30. The external auditory canal is relatively short and
straight.
31. The eardrum is thick.
The eustachian tube is short and broad.
32. The healthy neonates cries immediately after
birth.
Respiration: normal- 40-60breats /min.
The neonate can breath both through nose and
mouth.
Respiration is usually thoraco-abdominal
without any retractions and grunting.
33. Pulses (heart rate): normal- 120-160 beats per
min.
It irregular and increased during crying and may
be slow about 80 to 100 beats/min during sleep.
34. Blood pressure : normal range 60-70 (Systolic)/31-45
(diastolic)mmHg.
35. Temperature : 97.7 degree Celsius i.e. 100 degree
Fahrenheit which falls after birth but become
normal within 4 to 8 hours.
36. The cry of the newborn baby is vigorous, rooting,
sucking and swallowing reflexes are well-
developed. The newborn baby is able to take
breastfeeding within one hour of birth and than
fall a sleep.
37. A reflex that is seen in normal newborn babies,
who automatically turn the face toward the
stimulus and make sucking (rooting) motions with
the mouth when the cheek or lip is touched. The
rooting reflex helps to ensure
successful breastfeeding.
38. These reflexes are involuntary movements that
happen either spontaneously or as responses to
different actions. The sucking reflex, for example,
happens when the roof of a baby's mouth is
touched. The baby will begin to suck when this
area is stimulated, which helps with nursing or
bottle feeding.
39. A neonate spends about 80 percent of
the time in sleeping (about 20 hours per
day).
Demand of the feeding usually
establishes every 3-4 hours after one
week, initially feeding at irregular
interval is seen.
40. Energy requirements – 55 cal/kg/day and
it increase about 120 cal/kg/day at the
end of the first week of age.
Protein and carbohydrates are efficiently
digested by newborn but the fat is not.
41. Neonate loses about 7-8 Percent of the
body weight (may up to 10 Percent) during
first week of life.
The baby regains birth weight by 10th day
and then continues to gain weight about
20-30 gram/day for the next 3 months of
age.
42. The baby passes urine shortly after the birth or
within 24 hours or some in 48 hours.
Limitations of renal functions lead to
dehydration, acidosis, and hyperkalemia.
The first stool that known as MECONIUM
that passes within 24 hours after birth. It is
greenish black colored thick and viscid. It is
passed for 3-4 days and 3-4 times a day.
43. The neonate has blood volume about 80 ml/kg of
the body weight.
RBC- 6-8 million/cmm
Hb: 18 gm percent
WBC : 10000-17000/cmm
Platelets : 350000/cmm
ESR is markely eleveted and poor clooting power
are seen due to deficient vitamin-k.
44. An erythrocyte
sedimentation
rate (ESR) is a type of
blood test that
measures how quickly
erythrocytes (red blood
cells) settle at the
bottom of a test tube
that contains a blood
sample. Normally, red
blood cells settle
relatively slowly. A
faster-than-normal rate
may indicate
inflammation in the
body.
45. IgG level high but IgM, IgA, IgE levels are negliable.
46. Neurological mechanisms are immature
and not developed anatomically or
physiologically.
Temperature regulation is not fully
developed, heat production is low and
infant responds readily to environmental
heat and cold.
