Training module for the new comers who enter in to Sri Lankan Agrochemicals industry

1. Presents by: Krishan F. Motha B.Sc.(Agric) Hons (Sp)
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
&
ADDRESSING FIELD ISSUES
OF KISEKI

2.  Basic Technical Aspects of Pesticides
 Development of Herbicide Resistance &
Resistance Management
 Technical Aspects of Kiseki
 How to Address Field Issues of Kiseki

3. • How would you claim a product is
superior in quality than the other
products?
Ex:- Round Up over other Glyphosate brands?
Ex:- Nominee over other Bispyribac sodium brands?

4. • What decides the qualityof a
product?
Answer: An unique formulation of the product decides
the superior quality

5. • Then what is a formulation ?
A mixture of chemicals which effectively controls a pest
Eg: Nominee product is a formulation, and bispyribac sodium
is its Active Ingredient

6. • Formulation
•AI + Inert ingredients
Decides the Efficacy, Toxicity & Stability of the product

7. Active ingredient/s - listed in the product label
Inert ingredients -are the company secrets
But
Decides storage, handling, safety, application, or effectiveness

8. • What do manufacturers consider
when creating a formulation?
• The type of surface
• Habits & Nature of the pest
• Stability, Toxicity, Safety
• Price
• Spray equipment
• Runoff & Drift

9. AI
(Liquid or
Solid)
Inert Ingrediants
Surfactants-Dispersants,Wetting agents
Solvents
Emulsifiers
Defoamer
Stabilizer
Anti-microbials
Anti-freeze
Pigments/Colorants
Buffers etc.
Formulation
Commercial
Product
Formulation

10. FORMULATION TYPES
Liquid Sprayable
SL –Soluble Concentrate
SC –Suspension Concentrate
EC –Emulsifiable Concentrate
SE- Suspo Emulsion
ME -Microemulsion
OD –Oil Dispersion
CS –Microencapsulated Particles
Dry -Sprayable
WP –Wettable powders
WG or WDG –Water dispersible granule
Dry –Spreadable Granule
GR –Soil applied Granule on inert or fertilizer carrier

11. SUSPENSION CONCENTRATE (SC)
• A stable suspension of solid pesticide(s) in a fluid usually intended for
dilution with water before use
• Suspension is stable & not settling out
AI= 0.1- 60%

12. EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE (EC)
• A solution of a pesticide with emulsifying agents in a water insoluble organic
solvent which will form an emulsion when added to water
• Complete Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance is reached for stable formulation
AI= 0.1- 40%
Eg: Matari Metamifop 10% EC

13. SUSPO EMULSION(SE)
• A solution of a pesticide with two AI components which one is in a emulsifying agent
in a water insoluble organic solvent which will form an emulsion when added to water
and the other AI is suspended in the same water
• Practiced when mixing two AIs when one is water soluble and one is soluble in
organic solvents.
Eg:- Kiseki Bispyribac-sodium 4% + Metamifop 10%

14. • What is herbicide Mode of Action?
How a herbicide affects a plant at the
tissue or cellular level
Herbicides with the same mode-of-
action will have the same absorbance
type, translocation (movement) pattern
and produce similar injury symptoms

15. PADDY SELECTIVE MOA IN SRI LANKA
Mode of Action Importance Examples
Amino acid synthesis (ALS)
inhibitors
Total killers
Sulfonyl ureas- Sedge killers
Bispyribac sodium, Sulfonyl
ureas, Pyribensosim,
Phenoxylam
Lipid synthesis (ACC ace)
inhibitors
All are grass killers
High doses cause phytotoxicity
Fenoxyfop-p-ethyl, cyhalofop-
butyl, Metamifop
Cell division inhibitors Form a thin layer on soil Pretilachlor, Pendimethilene
Inhibition of emerging shoots Stop cell elongation Thiobencarb
Photosynthesis inhibitors Propanil
Pigment inhibitors Cause to bleaching effect Clomazone
Synthethic auxins Hormonal effect MCPA, Quinclorac

16. • What are the pesticide Interactions when
mixing different MOA molecules together?
1. Additive effect
2. Synergistic responses
3. Antagonism
4. Enhancement
5. Incompatibility

17. PESTICIDE INTERACTIONS
01.Additive effect
• Mixture’s response is as the combined effects of each material applied alone
• The products neither hurt nor enhance each other
• These mixtures save time, labor & equipment use
02.Synergistic responses
• When two pesticides provide a greater response than the added effects of each material applied
separately
03. Antagonism
• When two pesticides applied together produce less control than if applied each material separately
• In addition antagonistic responses also may increase damage, or phytotoxicity, to plants antagonism
is one kind of incompatibility
• Eg: Fenoxyfop-p-ethy + MCPA mixture cause antagonism

18. 04. Enhancement
• Occurs when a pesticide is mixed with an additive to provide a greater response than if you
applied the pesticide alone
• Eg:- Mixing a surfactant with a pesticide
05. Incompatibility
• Two or more pesticides, or a pesticide and a fertilizer, are compatible if no adverse effects
occur as a result of mixing them together
• Conversely, deactivation of an active ingredient often occurs with chemical incompatibility
• Most affected by temperature, tank pH and length of time that you hold a spray mixture in the
tank
• Physical incompatibilities occurs by inert ingredients of a formulation
• Mixture may become unstable, forming crystals, flakes, gel, oil, grease or sludge that may clog
spray equipment.
PESTICIDE INTERACTIONS

19. • What is Herbicide Resistance?
Inherited ability of a weed to survive against
a herbicide application to which the original
population was susceptible

20. HERBICIDE RESISTANCE

21. HERBICIDE RESISTANCE
•How does it occur?

22. Season 1

23. Season 2……7, 8

24.  284 Resistant weeds
 171 Species (101 dicots & 69 monocots)
 Over 270,000 places/fields
HERBICIDE RESISTANCE
AROUND THE WORLD

25. HERBICIDE RESISTANCE
AROUND THE WORLD

27. WEED CHARACTERISTICS THAT
FAVOR RESISTANCE
• High reproductive rate
• Seed dispersal mechanisms

28. Most Important Resistant Weeds
 Cyperus spp.
 I. rugossum
 E. crusgalli

29. HERBICIDE CHARACTERISTICS THAT INFLUENCE
WEED RESISTANCE
• Using herbicides with a single site of action
• Use one herbicide multiple times during the growing season
• Use same herbicides consecutive growing seasons
• Herbicides used without other control strategies
• Repeated use of a product for more than 2 years could
develop a herbicide resistance problem!!

30. HERBICIDE RESISTANCE SHOULD ONLY BE
SUSPECTED WHEN .……...
• Other causes of herbicide failure have been ruled out
• The same herbicide or herbicides with the same mode of
action have been used for years
• One weed that is normally controlled is not controlled while
other weeds are
• A patch of uncontrolled weed is spreading

31. CAUSES OF HERBICIDE FAILURES
• Weed density
• Moisture level
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Rate
• Application method
• Organic mater content
• Run off etc..
All possible reasons for poor performance should be investigated
before considering the possibility of resistance!!!

32. STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL / PREVENTION
• Proactive vs. reactive
• Utilize other good weed control tactics
• Rotate herbicides with different MOA
• Rotate crops
• Prevent seed production
• Clean tillage and harvesting equipment

33. PROACTIVE MEASURES TO OVERCOME
1. Avoid continuous application of same AI for consecutive seasons
2. Do not mix two critical mode of action chemicals for consecutive seasons
• Sulfonyl urea + ALS inhibitors
• Sulfonyl urea + Sulfonyl urea
3. Avoid resistant management through increasing the dose of the chemical
• 10% 20% 40%
4. Avoid mixing two incompatible formulations together
• Fenoxyprp-p-ethyl + MCPA

34. 120ml70ml
100%
Weed control
Formulation volume
5. Always avoid underdose

35. 6. Always tank mix 02 compatible different MOA chemicals
• ACCase + ALS inhi
• Cell division inhi + ALSinhi
• Cell divi + Photosynthesis inhi
• Photosynthesis inhi+ Photo pigment inhi
7. Apply chemicals at correct time & weed stage

36. Presented: Krishan F. Motha B.Sc. Hons (Sp)