1. IntelligenceIntelligence

2. IntelligenceIntelligence
 ““capacity of the individual to understandcapacity of the individual to understand
the world and the resourcefulness to copethe world and the resourcefulness to cope
with its challenges” (Wechsler)with its challenges” (Wechsler)
 biological intelligence (Halstead)biological intelligence (Halstead)
 speed of processing better early predictorspeed of processing better early predictor
of IQ than testingof IQ than testing

3. Nature vs NurtureNature vs Nurture
 genetics - 50% contributiongenetics - 50% contribution
 adoption studies (>correlation betweenadoption studies (>correlation between
adopted children & biological parents)adopted children & biological parents)
 interaction effects - social support helpinginteraction effects - social support helping
to create better learning environmentsto create better learning environments
 Flynn effect - IQ tends to rise 3 pointsFlynn effect - IQ tends to rise 3 points
every decadeevery decade

4. Two-factor TheoryTwo-factor Theory
 SpearmanSpearman
 g-factorg-factor
 s (specific)-factorss (specific)-factors
 factor analysisfactor analysis

5. Factor Theories of IntelligenceFactor Theories of Intelligence
 Alfred BinetAlfred Binet
 Thurstone - 9 primary mental abilitiesThurstone - 9 primary mental abilities
 Gardner’s - 7 kinds of intelligenceGardner’s - 7 kinds of intelligence
 Sternberg’s - triarchic (analytical, creative,Sternberg’s - triarchic (analytical, creative,
and practical intelligence)and practical intelligence)

6. Binet’s MeasureBinet’s Measure
 Intelligence Quotient (IQ) developed byIntelligence Quotient (IQ) developed by
Terman using Stanford-BinetTerman using Stanford-Binet
 mental age (intelligence score) divided bymental age (intelligence score) divided by
chronological age x 100chronological age x 100
 MA/CA x 100MA/CA x 100

7. Bell Curve PropertiesBell Curve Properties
 standard distribution of bell curvestandard distribution of bell curve
– measures of central tendency: mean, median,measures of central tendency: mean, median,
modemode
– variability: standard deviation (S.D.) of WAIS,variability: standard deviation (S.D.) of WAIS,
SATSAT
– mean and S.D. important: (+/-) 1 S.D. = 68%,mean and S.D. important: (+/-) 1 S.D. = 68%,
2 S.D. = 95%, 3 S.D. = 98%2 S.D. = 95%, 3 S.D. = 98%

8. Wechsler ScalesWechsler Scales
 (adults) W-B, WAIS, WAIS-R, WAIS-III(adults) W-B, WAIS, WAIS-R, WAIS-III
 (children) WISC, WISC-R, WISC-III(children) WISC, WISC-R, WISC-III
 Verbal/PerformanceVerbal/Performance

9. Verbal Scale SubtestsVerbal Scale Subtests
 InformationInformation
 ComprehensionComprehension
 ArithmeticArithmetic
 SimilaritiesSimilarities
 Digit SpanDigit Span
 VocabularyVocabulary

10. Performance Scale SubtestsPerformance Scale Subtests
 Digit SymbolDigit Symbol
 Block DesignBlock Design
 Picture CompletionPicture Completion
 Picture ArrangementPicture Arrangement
 Object AssemblyObject Assembly

11. Aspects of IntelligenceAspects of Intelligence
 multiple reasons for low IQmultiple reasons for low IQ
 need individual test + functional evaluationneed individual test + functional evaluation

12. Binet’s WarningsBinet’s Warnings
 1) IQ tests don’t measure innate abilities,1) IQ tests don’t measure innate abilities,
but measure cogn abilities fr heredity &but measure cogn abilities fr heredity &
environmentenvironment
 2) Don’t label people w/IQ tests, use to2) Don’t label people w/IQ tests, use to
assess abilities w/ other sources of info.assess abilities w/ other sources of info.

13. Mental RetardationMental Retardation
 IQ 50-75 Borderline mentally retardedIQ 50-75 Borderline mentally retarded
(70%)(70%)
 IQ 35-50 Mild-ModerateIQ 35-50 Mild-Moderate
 IQ 20-40 Serve/Profound retardationIQ 20-40 Serve/Profound retardation
 SavantsSavants

14. GiftedGifted
 130-150 Moderately gifted130-150 Moderately gifted
 150+ Profoundly gifted150+ Profoundly gifted

15. Aspects of IQAspects of IQ
 Nature & nurture are both contributersNature & nurture are both contributers
 Racial group differencesRacial group differences
– Likely reflect multiple causal differences fromLikely reflect multiple causal differences from
biological (heridity) & environmental sourcesbiological (heridity) & environmental sources
(culture, experiences)(culture, experiences)

16. End of Intelligence SectionEnd of Intelligence Section

17. Aspects of HeritabilityAspects of Heritability
 Twin studiesTwin studies
 heritability is to populations, not individualsheritability is to populations, not individuals
– it is not a single, fixed numberit is not a single, fixed number
– it doesn’t tell source of group differencesit doesn’t tell source of group differences
– it doesn’t tell effects of environment uponit doesn’t tell effects of environment upon
average trait levelaverage trait level

18. Nature vs NurtureNature vs Nurture
 genetics - 50% contributiongenetics - 50% contribution
 adoption studies (>correlation betweenadoption studies (>correlation between
adopted children & biological parents)adopted children & biological parents)
 interaction effects - social support helpinginteraction effects - social support helping
to create better learning environmentsto create better learning environments
 Flynn effect - IQ tends to rise 3 pointsFlynn effect - IQ tends to rise 3 points
every decadeevery decade

19. Personality x EnvironmentPersonality x Environment
 Reactive - individuals handle environmentReactive - individuals handle environment
differentlydifferently
 Evocative - individuals elicit differentEvocative - individuals elicit different
effects from otherseffects from others
 Proactive - selection & construction ofProactive - selection & construction of
different environmentsdifferent environments

20. Reliability and ValidityReliability and Validity
 reliability - stability of measurereliability - stability of measure
 validity - what does the test purport tovalidity - what does the test purport to
measure?measure?
– face validityface validity
– content validitycontent validity
– concurrent validityconcurrent validity
– predictive validitypredictive validity

21. Test ObjectivesTest Objectives
 AchievementAchievement
 PredictionPrediction
– Intelligence testsIntelligence tests
– SATSAT
– Law and medicalLaw and medical

22. Problem SolvingProblem Solving
 Creativity - convergent thinking, divergentCreativity - convergent thinking, divergent
thinking, brainstormingthinking, brainstorming
 Judgment and Decision-MakingJudgment and Decision-Making

23. ReasoningReasoning
 reasoning - transformation of informationreasoning - transformation of information
to reach conclusionsto reach conclusions
 deductive (rules, laws, principles)deductive (rules, laws, principles)
 inductive (observations, experiences,inductive (observations, experiences,
facts)facts)

24. CreativityCreativity
 thinking/doing things novel & usefulthinking/doing things novel & useful
 solve problemssolve problems
 take chances, refuse limitations,take chances, refuse limitations,
appreciate art & music, use availableappreciate art & music, use available
materials to make unique things,materials to make unique things,
challenge social norms, take unpopularchallenge social norms, take unpopular
stands, probe ideasstands, probe ideas

25. CorrelationsCorrelations
 associations between variablesassociations between variables
 +1.00 = perfect positive relation+1.00 = perfect positive relation
 -1.00 = perfect inverse relation-1.00 = perfect inverse relation
 0.00 = no relationship0.00 = no relationship
 relationships, not cause-effectrelationships, not cause-effect