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01 C2C lab aircraft

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1) The document describes the design of an aircraft using Cradle to Cradle principles, with the goal of making it at least 90% recyclable. 2) Key aspects of the design include using ethanol as a biofuel, an aluminum structure and thermoplastic composites for secondary structures, and a disassembly process that allows for almost full recycling. 3) Analysis shows the Cradle to Cradle design meets performance requirements while having a lower operating cost than comparable aircraft, demonstrating the viability of applying these principles in aircraft design.

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1 Design of a Cradle to Cradle Aircraft InfiniCraft 11/07/2013 By DSE group 05 “Aircraft Design Using Cradle to Cradle, Reality or Utopia?”
2 Design Strategies •  Eco-design: “be less bad” •  Cradle to Cradle: “be good” •  Never applied in aerospace
3 Current Design Strategy •  Boom in the 70’s •  Life span of 30 years •  => EOL plan under investigation in the 2000’s •  Projects •  PAMELA •  AFRA
4
5 Project Requirements •  General Requirements •  2 passengers •  Take-off length of 500 m •  Range of 1 000 km •  Cruise speed of 200 km/h @ 3 050 m •  Noise level < 62 dB •  Life span of 30 years / 20 000 flight hours / 12 000 flights •  500 units •  Ready in 2025 •  $ 150 000
6 Project Requirements •  Cradle to Cradle® Requirements •  At least 90% recyclable •  Reintegration through technical cycle or biological cycle •  End-of-life disposal plan •  < 50 kg/h CO2 emissions •  Current solar income shall be used •  Additional Requirements •  In-flight emergency solution
7 Content •  Power & Propulsion •  Materials & Structures •  Life Cycle Context •  Lease Structure •  Conclusion
8 Power & Propulsion Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
9 Fuel Selection •  Biofuel vs. Hydrogen •  Lower initial system cost •  Lighter system •  Better availability •  Ethanol •  Low price •  High availability •  Proven concept •  Second generation biofuels •  Switchgrass •  Waste Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
10 Fuel GWP Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion L. Luo, “Biomass Refining for Sustainable Development: Analysis and Directions”, Master's thesis, University of Leiden, The Netherlands, 2010.
11 Fuel Land Use •  Different sources for ethanol are considered •  Land use: Source Land/aircraft/year Stover (corn) 71 578 m2 Sugarcane 19 813 m2 Switchgrass 26 403 m2 Waste 0 m2 Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion L. Luo, “Biomass Refining for Sustainable Development: Analysis and Directions”, Master's thesis, University of Leiden, The Netherlands, 2010.
12 Example •  Kempen airport, located in Budel •  300 m3 of fuel per year •  Waste of 1 266 people needed •  Budel has 9 000 inhabitants Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
13 Engine Selection •  Rotax 912 ULS •  Can run on ethanol (with conversion kit) •  103 hp •  Noise •  3 bladed propeller to lower the noise •  60.4 dB at 610 m Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
14 Aircraft Configuration •  Conventional design •  High wing •  Aluminium primary structure •  Allows for full C2C implementation •  Inspiration for aircraft manufacturers •  Cessna Skycatcher Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
15 Emergency Solution •  Required by certification: •  Fire extinguishers •  Emergency locator transmitter •  Personal locator beacon •  Parachute recovery system Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
16 Materials & Structures Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
17 Aluminium Analysis •  Automotive alloys: larger recycling market •  Several possibilities: 6022 – 6016 – 6061 – 5086 Al-6022-T4 Al-7075-T6 Al-2024-T3 Ultimate tensile strength [MPa] 271 572 448 Young’s modulus [GPa] 68 71.7 73.1 Fracture toughness [MPa m] 40 33 38 Corrosion rate [mm/year] 0.11 0.16 0.15 Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion asm.matweb.com
18 128 MPa Al-6022-T4 Al-7075-T6 Al-2024-T3 Fatigue Limit [MPa] 108 159 138 Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion CES Edupack
19 Load Cases •  Loading Diagram •  Manoeuvre loads •  Gust loads •  Maximum Load cases •  + 4.4 g •  - 2.14 g •  Safety factor of 1.5 •  + 6.6 g •  - 3.21 g Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
20 •  Wingbox •  Skin thickness: 2 mm •  125 MPa < 128 MPa • Fuselage •  Skin thickness: 1 mm •  103 MPa < 108 MPa Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion Stress Analysis
21 Secondary Structures Fuel tanks Thermoplastic composites Interior Customer based C2C-materials Doors & window Polycarbonate Transparent Control surfaces & wing tip Thermoplastic composites Maintenance: 3D-printing Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
22 Secondary Structures Production: compression moulding Used for mass production Cannot be done locally Special & expensive tools Maintenance: 3D-printing Novel technique Can be done locally Time consuming nowadays Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
23 •  Friction Stir Welding •  No additional material required •  Attachments to fuselage •  Rivets •  Same Al-6022 alloy as primary structure •  Skin to primary structure •  Bolts •  Easy detachment •  Wing tips & Control surfaces Joining Methods Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
24 •  Basic six •  Mobile devices as avionics systems •  Up-to-date software •  Change layout to user preferences •  No heavy on-board computers •  Anti-theft •  Wiring •  Aluminium •  Insulation based on Noryl (modified polyethylene) Avionics Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
25 Life Cycle Context Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
26 InfiniCraft Life Cycle Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
27 Manufacturing and Shipment Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
28 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
29 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
30 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
31 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
32 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
33 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
34 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
35 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
36 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
37 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
38 Re-use of Parts •  Checking •  Recertified Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
39 Recycle Rate of the InfiniCraft Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
40 Lease Structure Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
41 Total Operating Cost •  Dry lease price •  RDTE cost •  Acquisition cost •  Maintenance and overhaul •  Insurance •  Fuel •  Parking •  Landing fees 8 years 10 years 15 years $ 152,- per hour $ 143,- per hour $ 130,- per hour Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
42 Conclusion Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
43 Comparison InfiniCraft and Skycatcher Parameter InfiniCraft Skycatcher Range [km] 1 000 815 Payload [kg] 181 141 Unit price [$] 179 530 149 900 Total operating cost (10 year) [$/hour] 142.7 149.5 Cradle to Cradle® Yes No Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
44 Conclusion •  Inspire other manufacturers •  Reduce ecological impact •  Economical benefits •  Change in mindset Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
45 Aircraft Design Using Cradle to Cradle: Reality or Utopia?
46 Introduction Power & Propulsion Structures & Materials Operations & Logistics Conclusion Reality!
47 Questions?
48 Initial Sizing •  Requirements as input: •  From customers •  From regulations (CS-23) •  Sizing parameters as output: •  Wing surface 10.4 m2 •  Lift coefficient 1.1 in clean configuration •  Airfoil NACA-2412 •  Flaps Plain flaps •  Power 103 hp
49 Weight Estimation Empty weight of 407 kg Take-off weight of 729 kg
50 Weight-Range diagram
51 Noise Analysis •  60.4 dB at 610 m •  610 m needs to be achieved after 6500m •  Can be achieved with the climb rate •  3 bladed propeller to lower the noise
52 Coatings •  Electro-chemical reaction of the aluminium structure with the environment (atmospheric corrosion) ⇒ Corrosion protection required •  Two possibilities: anodising and reactive coating •  Anodising: reduces the material’s fatigue resistance ⇒ Reactive coating will be used
53 Reactive Anti-Corrosion Coating •  Insulates the aluminium to suppress electro-chemical reactions •  Today’s used inhibitors: Chromates •  Green alternative: Si/Zr/Ce •  Can be implemented within the aircraft’s paint C.-C. Changa, C.-C. Wang, C.-W. Wuc, S.-C. Liuc, and F.-D. Maid, “Using ToF-SIMS and EIS to Evaluate Green Pretreatment Reagent: Corrosion Protection of Aluminum Alloy by Silica/Zirconium/Cerium Hybrid Coating”, Applied Surface Science, vol. 255, pp. 1531-1533, 2008.
54 Primary Structures 3 design options -  Monocoque: Low weight, good aerodynamic shape Difficult replacability of components -  Truss structure: Easy manufacturing, maintenance and recycling Heavy, aerodynamically inefficient structure -  Semi-monocoque: Low weight, better aerodynamic shape More complex and less robust Mostly used in today’s aircraft
55 Wiring •  Comparison of copper and aluminium •  Lighter, cheaper alumiunium core wires •  Insulation based on Noryl (modified polyethylene) •  Fully recyclable •  No halogens nor pigments (meets WEEE* requirements) *Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
56 Processing of the Materials Material Recycle Rate [%] Processing Aluminium 100 Shredding / melting Steel 100 Shredding / melting TPC 100 Grinding / melting Polycarbonate 95 Grinding / melting Rubber 80 Grinding Wood 100 Biodegradable Engine fluids 95 Filtered Engine block 87 Breakdown in components
57 Processing of the Materials Material Recycle Rate [%] Processing Electronics 87 Breakdown in components Instruments 90 Breakdown in components Lights 95 Breakdown in components Wiring 100 Stripped Interior 100 Cradle to Cradle materials Coatings 0 Chemically removed
58 Fuel Price Determination E100 [€/L] Avgas [€/L] Base: €0.53 Base: €1.64 Excise tax: €0.75 Excise tax: €0.75 Consumer tax: €0.27 Consumer tax: €0.50 Pump price: €1.55 Pump price: €2.89 Exemption: €0.75 Exemption: €0.00 Fuel cost: €0.80 Fuel cost: €2.89
59 Verification & Validation Design Requirements ü 2 passengers ?  $ 150 000 ü 500 units ü Ready in 2025 ?  Life span of 30 years / 20 000 flight hours / 12 000 flights Mission Requirements ü Range of 1 000 km ü Cruise speed of 200 km/h @ 3 050 m ü Take-off length of 500 m
60 Verification & Validation Cradle to Cradle® Requirements ü At least 90% recyclable ü Reintegration through technical cycle or biological cycle ü End-of-life disposal plan ü < 50 kg/h CO2 emissions ü Current solar energy shall be used Additional Requirements ü Noise level < 62 dB ü In-flight emergency solution

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01 C2C lab aircraft

  • 1. 1 Design of a Cradle to Cradle Aircraft InfiniCraft 11/07/2013 By DSE group 05 “Aircraft Design Using Cradle to Cradle, Reality or Utopia?”
  • 2. 2 Design Strategies •  Eco-design: “be less bad” •  Cradle to Cradle: “be good” •  Never applied in aerospace
  • 3. 3 Current Design Strategy •  Boom in the 70’s •  Life span of 30 years •  => EOL plan under investigation in the 2000’s •  Projects •  PAMELA •  AFRA
  • 4. 4
  • 5. 5 Project Requirements •  General Requirements •  2 passengers •  Take-off length of 500 m •  Range of 1 000 km •  Cruise speed of 200 km/h @ 3 050 m •  Noise level < 62 dB •  Life span of 30 years / 20 000 flight hours / 12 000 flights •  500 units •  Ready in 2025 •  $ 150 000
  • 6. 6 Project Requirements •  Cradle to Cradle® Requirements •  At least 90% recyclable •  Reintegration through technical cycle or biological cycle •  End-of-life disposal plan •  < 50 kg/h CO2 emissions •  Current solar income shall be used •  Additional Requirements •  In-flight emergency solution
  • 7. 7 Content •  Power & Propulsion •  Materials & Structures •  Life Cycle Context •  Lease Structure •  Conclusion
  • 8. 8 Power & Propulsion Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 9. 9 Fuel Selection •  Biofuel vs. Hydrogen •  Lower initial system cost •  Lighter system •  Better availability •  Ethanol •  Low price •  High availability •  Proven concept •  Second generation biofuels •  Switchgrass •  Waste Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 10. 10 Fuel GWP Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion L. Luo, “Biomass Refining for Sustainable Development: Analysis and Directions”, Master's thesis, University of Leiden, The Netherlands, 2010.
  • 11. 11 Fuel Land Use •  Different sources for ethanol are considered •  Land use: Source Land/aircraft/year Stover (corn) 71 578 m2 Sugarcane 19 813 m2 Switchgrass 26 403 m2 Waste 0 m2 Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion L. Luo, “Biomass Refining for Sustainable Development: Analysis and Directions”, Master's thesis, University of Leiden, The Netherlands, 2010.
  • 12. 12 Example •  Kempen airport, located in Budel •  300 m3 of fuel per year •  Waste of 1 266 people needed •  Budel has 9 000 inhabitants Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 13. 13 Engine Selection •  Rotax 912 ULS •  Can run on ethanol (with conversion kit) •  103 hp •  Noise •  3 bladed propeller to lower the noise •  60.4 dB at 610 m Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 14. 14 Aircraft Configuration •  Conventional design •  High wing •  Aluminium primary structure •  Allows for full C2C implementation •  Inspiration for aircraft manufacturers •  Cessna Skycatcher Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 15. 15 Emergency Solution •  Required by certification: •  Fire extinguishers •  Emergency locator transmitter •  Personal locator beacon •  Parachute recovery system Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 16. 16 Materials & Structures Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 17. 17 Aluminium Analysis •  Automotive alloys: larger recycling market •  Several possibilities: 6022 – 6016 – 6061 – 5086 Al-6022-T4 Al-7075-T6 Al-2024-T3 Ultimate tensile strength [MPa] 271 572 448 Young’s modulus [GPa] 68 71.7 73.1 Fracture toughness [MPa m] 40 33 38 Corrosion rate [mm/year] 0.11 0.16 0.15 Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion asm.matweb.com
  • 18. 18 128 MPa Al-6022-T4 Al-7075-T6 Al-2024-T3 Fatigue Limit [MPa] 108 159 138 Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion CES Edupack
  • 19. 19 Load Cases •  Loading Diagram •  Manoeuvre loads •  Gust loads •  Maximum Load cases •  + 4.4 g •  - 2.14 g •  Safety factor of 1.5 •  + 6.6 g •  - 3.21 g Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 20. 20 •  Wingbox •  Skin thickness: 2 mm •  125 MPa < 128 MPa • Fuselage •  Skin thickness: 1 mm •  103 MPa < 108 MPa Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion Stress Analysis
  • 21. 21 Secondary Structures Fuel tanks Thermoplastic composites Interior Customer based C2C-materials Doors & window Polycarbonate Transparent Control surfaces & wing tip Thermoplastic composites Maintenance: 3D-printing Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 22. 22 Secondary Structures Production: compression moulding Used for mass production Cannot be done locally Special & expensive tools Maintenance: 3D-printing Novel technique Can be done locally Time consuming nowadays Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 23. 23 •  Friction Stir Welding •  No additional material required •  Attachments to fuselage •  Rivets •  Same Al-6022 alloy as primary structure •  Skin to primary structure •  Bolts •  Easy detachment •  Wing tips & Control surfaces Joining Methods Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 24. 24 •  Basic six •  Mobile devices as avionics systems •  Up-to-date software •  Change layout to user preferences •  No heavy on-board computers •  Anti-theft •  Wiring •  Aluminium •  Insulation based on Noryl (modified polyethylene) Avionics Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 25. 25 Life Cycle Context Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 26. 26 InfiniCraft Life Cycle Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 27. 27 Manufacturing and Shipment Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 28. 28 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 29. 29 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 30. 30 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 31. 31 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 32. 32 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 33. 33 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 34. 34 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 35. 35 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 36. 36 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 37. 37 Disassembly Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 38. 38 Re-use of Parts •  Checking •  Recertified Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 39. 39 Recycle Rate of the InfiniCraft Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 40. 40 Lease Structure Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 41. 41 Total Operating Cost •  Dry lease price •  RDTE cost •  Acquisition cost •  Maintenance and overhaul •  Insurance •  Fuel •  Parking •  Landing fees 8 years 10 years 15 years $ 152,- per hour $ 143,- per hour $ 130,- per hour Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 42. 42 Conclusion Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 43. 43 Comparison InfiniCraft and Skycatcher Parameter InfiniCraft Skycatcher Range [km] 1 000 815 Payload [kg] 181 141 Unit price [$] 179 530 149 900 Total operating cost (10 year) [$/hour] 142.7 149.5 Cradle to Cradle® Yes No Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 44. 44 Conclusion •  Inspire other manufacturers •  Reduce ecological impact •  Economical benefits •  Change in mindset Power & Propulsion Materials & Structures Life Cycle Context Lease Structure Conclusion
  • 45. 45 Aircraft Design Using Cradle to Cradle: Reality or Utopia?
  • 48. 48 Initial Sizing •  Requirements as input: •  From customers •  From regulations (CS-23) •  Sizing parameters as output: •  Wing surface 10.4 m2 •  Lift coefficient 1.1 in clean configuration •  Airfoil NACA-2412 •  Flaps Plain flaps •  Power 103 hp
  • 49. 49 Weight Estimation Empty weight of 407 kg Take-off weight of 729 kg
  • 51. 51 Noise Analysis •  60.4 dB at 610 m •  610 m needs to be achieved after 6500m •  Can be achieved with the climb rate •  3 bladed propeller to lower the noise
  • 52. 52 Coatings •  Electro-chemical reaction of the aluminium structure with the environment (atmospheric corrosion) ⇒ Corrosion protection required •  Two possibilities: anodising and reactive coating •  Anodising: reduces the material’s fatigue resistance ⇒ Reactive coating will be used
  • 53. 53 Reactive Anti-Corrosion Coating •  Insulates the aluminium to suppress electro-chemical reactions •  Today’s used inhibitors: Chromates •  Green alternative: Si/Zr/Ce •  Can be implemented within the aircraft’s paint C.-C. Changa, C.-C. Wang, C.-W. Wuc, S.-C. Liuc, and F.-D. Maid, “Using ToF-SIMS and EIS to Evaluate Green Pretreatment Reagent: Corrosion Protection of Aluminum Alloy by Silica/Zirconium/Cerium Hybrid Coating”, Applied Surface Science, vol. 255, pp. 1531-1533, 2008.
  • 54. 54 Primary Structures 3 design options -  Monocoque: Low weight, good aerodynamic shape Difficult replacability of components -  Truss structure: Easy manufacturing, maintenance and recycling Heavy, aerodynamically inefficient structure -  Semi-monocoque: Low weight, better aerodynamic shape More complex and less robust Mostly used in today’s aircraft
  • 55. 55 Wiring •  Comparison of copper and aluminium •  Lighter, cheaper alumiunium core wires •  Insulation based on Noryl (modified polyethylene) •  Fully recyclable •  No halogens nor pigments (meets WEEE* requirements) *Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
  • 56. 56 Processing of the Materials Material Recycle Rate [%] Processing Aluminium 100 Shredding / melting Steel 100 Shredding / melting TPC 100 Grinding / melting Polycarbonate 95 Grinding / melting Rubber 80 Grinding Wood 100 Biodegradable Engine fluids 95 Filtered Engine block 87 Breakdown in components
  • 57. 57 Processing of the Materials Material Recycle Rate [%] Processing Electronics 87 Breakdown in components Instruments 90 Breakdown in components Lights 95 Breakdown in components Wiring 100 Stripped Interior 100 Cradle to Cradle materials Coatings 0 Chemically removed
  • 58. 58 Fuel Price Determination E100 [€/L] Avgas [€/L] Base: €0.53 Base: €1.64 Excise tax: €0.75 Excise tax: €0.75 Consumer tax: €0.27 Consumer tax: €0.50 Pump price: €1.55 Pump price: €2.89 Exemption: €0.75 Exemption: €0.00 Fuel cost: €0.80 Fuel cost: €2.89
  • 59. 59 Verification & Validation Design Requirements ü 2 passengers ?  $ 150 000 ü 500 units ü Ready in 2025 ?  Life span of 30 years / 20 000 flight hours / 12 000 flights Mission Requirements ü Range of 1 000 km ü Cruise speed of 200 km/h @ 3 050 m ü Take-off length of 500 m
  • 60. 60 Verification & Validation Cradle to Cradle® Requirements ü At least 90% recyclable ü Reintegration through technical cycle or biological cycle ü End-of-life disposal plan ü < 50 kg/h CO2 emissions ü Current solar energy shall be used Additional Requirements ü Noise level < 62 dB ü In-flight emergency solution