1. How did the first Americans get here?

2. People from Berengia moved to North America.

3. Where did the water in the Bering Strait go? Huge glaciers more than a mile thick Extended as far South as Illinois and Ohio Earth’s waters were turned to ice, dropping the oceans to hundreds of feet below current levels Receding waters created a land bridge

4. Refuges are formed due to glaciers

5. Humans first migrate to South America along the Eastern coast.

6. The Bering Strait reopens.

7. Debate over Migration One Migration across Bering Strait *Series of migrations and means of arrival Water travel and “land crossings”

8. The ancestors of Aleuts, Eskimos, Na-Dene people arrive. Central Canada was populated.

9. What were the Paleo-Indians like? Pursued large mammals Known as mega fauna Wholly mammoths Mastodons Nomads Moved slowly following prey Small groups Goal was survival Used fire Used tools made of stone

10. Butchering a Bison Pembina State Museum exhibit from State of North Dakota @ND.gov

11. Lack of disease Stopped hosting communicable diseases Small pox Measles Small incidences of tuberculosis Physical isolation No contact with domestic animals such as pigs and cattle Lost inherited immunities

12. The Wholly Mammoth and Mastodons Stood 9 to 11 feet at shoulder Weighed 4 to 6 tons Long hair covered body

13. Major Paleo-Indian Sites

14. How do we know about the Paleo-Indians? Archeological evidence Long, fluted, chipped, stone projectiles Used as spears Named Clovis because the spears were found in Clovis, New Mexico first Mammoth and mastodon fossils Burying dead at refuge sites