2. Learning
Outcomes are:
All will be able to:
• Name and define Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion
• Apply and explain each Law to in relation to at least 1 sporting example

6. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Acceleration
Reaction
Inertia

7. Newton’s Laws of Motion
• The size and direction of force applied to an
object determines the size and direction of
acceleration
• A force is needed to change a body’s state of
motion
• To every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction
• F = Mass x accelertion

8. Newton’s Laws of Motion
• When a performer runs down a track, that
performer generates an muscular force that is
applied to the ground
• The greater the force applied to the ground,
the greater the acceleration of the performer
• Which law applies here?

9. Newton’s Laws of Motion
• When a performer kicks a football and applies
a force by contracting their muscles, this
causes the football to accelerate.
• Which law applies here?

10. Newton’s Laws of Motion
• The direction and acceleration of the football
is proportional to the force applied by the
footballer kicking the ball and in which
direction the force is applied.
• Which law applies here?

11. The final stage of an endurance race often involves a
sprint finish.
05 Using Newton’s Second Law of Motion, explain
how an athlete is able to accelerate towards the
finish line. (3 marks)
Using ‘Newton’s First’
and ‘Second Laws of
Motion’, explain how
the swimmer dives off
the starting blocks.
(4 marks)

13. The final stage of an endurance race often involves a
sprint finish.
05 Using Newton’s Second Law of Motion, explain
how an athlete is able to accelerate towards the
finish line. (3 marks)
Using ‘Newton’s First’
and ‘Second Laws of
Motion’, explain how
the swimmer dives off
the starting blocks.
(4 marks)

15. Task 1 - Can you explain how
forces are functioning to:
•Cause something to move
•Change direction
•Accelerate
•Decelerate
Task 2 - Explain how Newton’s 3 Laws
of Motion apply to:
A high jumper
Kicking a ball
Sprinting
A sprinting start using blocks
Use diagrams as necessary to explain

16. 2012 – a) Indentify two of Newton’s Laws of Motion
and explain how these could be applied to improve
performance in a sporting activity of your choice (4)

17. The following is indicative of the material that might be included in the answer.
•Newton’s First Law states that ‘a body will remain at rest or at a constant velocity in a
straight line unless acted upon by an external force’. It means that any object that is
not accelerating has no net force acting on it – the forces cancel out. This can be
applied to any athlete is stationary or maintaining a constant speed in a fixed direction.
For example, a 100m sprinter in the middle phase of the race (constant velocity) or in
the blocks (stationary).
•Newton’s Second Law states that ‘the acceleration of a body is proportional to the
force causing it, and the acceleration takes place in the direction that the force acts’.
The equation used is Force = mass x acceleration. The most common example used is a
sprinter accelerating from his/her blocks.
•Newton’s Third Law states that ‘for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction’. This means that whenever an object exerts a force on another, then it
experiences an equal forced exerted back on it in the opposite direction. Reaction
forces have many applications within sport including the sprint start, jumping and
kicking a ball.
•Candidates will use a range of examples and credit should be given for these. It is impossible to
cover all sports within the mark scheme

18. Learning
Outcomes are:
All will be able to:
• Name and define Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion
• Apply and explain each Law to in relation to at least 1 sporting example
•Bonus watch……….. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdm7xwT-vEQ

19. Learning
Outcomes are:
All will be able to:
• Define at least 10 key terms for Biomechanics
• Explain positive, negative and zero impulse applied to at least 1 sporting
example
• Explain how to flatten the arc

20. Define the following terms………………..
Term
Force
Impulse
Velocity
Speed
Displacement
Acceleration
Deceleration
Vector
Scalar
Air resistance
Gravity
Inertia
Positive Impulse
Negative Impulse
Zero Impulse
Momentum
Ground Reaction Force
Footfall
Definition
Force – Jamie
Impulse - Joshua
Velocity - Alex
Speed - Brad
Displacement - Charlotte
Acceleration - Dom
Deceleration - Marcus
Vector - Sam
Scalar - Sameed
Air resistance - Declan
Gravity - Macauley
Inertia - Katherine
Positive Impulse - Jessica
Negative Impulse - Conal
Zero Impulse - Daniel
Momentum - Ben
Ground Reaction Force - James

21. Force

22. Displacement

23. Velocity

24. Speed

25. Acceleration

26. Deceleration

27. Vector

28. Scalar

29. Air resistance

30. Gravity

31. Ground Reaction Force

32. Footfall

33. Inertia

34. Momentum

35. Impulse

36. Positive Impulse

37. Negative Impulse

38. Zero Impulse

39. Impulse
• Force is not applied instantaneously.
• Force is applied for a period of time
• i.e. tennis ball stays on face of racket for 5-8ms
• Impulse = Force x Time
• Also = Change in momentum
– Impulse can be increased by increasing the force applied or
increasing the time over which the force is applied.
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHo9e-fdAbM
Eg studies into sprint start positions:

40. Impulse Graphs

41. Impulse Graphs

42. Impulse Graphs

43. Impulse Graphs

44. Types of sprint starts
There are three types of sprint starts:
•Bunch or Bullet start - The toes of the rear foot are
approximately level with the heel of the front foot and both
feet are placed well back from the starting line.
•Medium start - the knee of the rear leg is placed opposite
a point in the front half of the front foot.
•Elongated start - the knee of the rear leg is level with or
slightly behind the heel of the front foot.

45. Research has suggested that a faster start can be
achieved if the athlete remains in the blocks for a
longer time in order to gain a good starting
“impulse”
The best start is the “medium” start

46. Tennis example:
•Looser strings in a tennis racket will allow the force to be transferred
over a longer time creating more “impulse”
•Research involving spiders born in space (NASA research!) found that
spiders in space would construct their webs with threads of different
diameters making their web more stable. This research would unexpectedly
benefit tennis in changing the position of the “sweet spot” on a racket. If the
sweet spot is nearer the “toe” of the racket, greater power can also be
generated.
•The major difficulty in designing a high-performance tennis racquet arises
from the difference between the position of the maximum speed (the toe) and
the position of optimum vibration (the sweet spot).
•In a typical older design, the sweet spot is at the geometric centre of the
strung area of the racquet. The impact of the ball on the sweet spot causes
minimal strain to the player's hand. However, the average player tends to
strike the ball farther out toward the toe, and to obtain maximum power on
serves, it is necessary to strike the ball as close as possible to the toe. So,
performance can be improved by moving the sweet spot outward.

47. “Flattening the Arc”
• Usually refers to the movement pattern
of the arm where the centre of the throw
or swing is flattened. A way of
increasing accuracy in hitting or
throwing. Eg hockey push pass and golf
swing.

48. IMPULSE AND ACCURACY
• FLATTENING THE SWING ARC
– Good technique can↑ contact time with a ball during collision
sports
• May provide opportunity for ↑ force application in desired
direction (hockey drag flick)
• May also provide ↑ accuracy, however usually occurs with a ↓ in
force application
A more curved arc reduces
the likelihood of a
successful outcome by
reducing the opportunity
for application of force in
the intended direction of
travel
Flattening the arc
increases the likelihood
of application of force
to object in desired
direction of travel by
creating a zone of flat
line motion

49. IMPULSE AND SPORT
2. DECREASING MOMENTUM
•
A cricket ball is hit towards a fielder. The fielder wishes
to stop the ball (take momentum back to zero).
–
–
•
•
Would he apply a large force over a short period of time
Would he apply a small force over a longer period of time.
Which method is likely to be more successful in catching
the ball?
Therefore in stopping a force we usually increase the
time component so we can reduce the peak force!

50. Learning
Outcomes are:
All will be able to:
• Define at least 10 key terms for Biomechanics
• Explain positive, negative and zero impulse applied to at least 1 sporting
example
• Explain the term to flatten the arc applied to hockey skills
•Bonus watch – Ronaldo Tested to the limit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZqEj-Qyg6U