3.  How did that make you feel?
› Angry? At whom?
› Fearful?
 Did you trust what you heard?
 Can you believe in Mr. Bilirakis?
 Is this a political foothold for him?
 Given the combination of political
positioning and the media’s need for
sensationalism, do you question the
veracity of the story ?

4.  There are wandering bands of
international students in the U.S. waiting
to commit terrorist attacks.
 International students should be tracked
more closely with greater institutional
compliance.
 This is a big problem.

5.  As education leaders, we must look
below the surface to understand the
complexity and entirety of any issue or
situation.
 The tip of the iceberg is just the
beginning of the story.

6.  The only population more monitored and
subject to oversight in the U.S. than
international students are those in the
penal system.
 International students make up a very
small percentage of foreign nationals
entering the U.S.

7.  Georg Reisch, Executive Secretary, European Free Trade Association
 Raul Ricardo Alfonsin, President of Argentina
Guido Di Tella, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Argentina
 Salma Khan, Divisional Chief in Bangladesh,
 Sanchez de Lozada Bustamante, President of Bolivia
Jorge Quiroga Ramirez, Vice President of Bolivia
 Francois-Xavier De Donnea, Mayor of Brussels
 Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada
 Boutros Boutros-Ghali, UN Secretary-General
 Francisco Flores, President of El Salvador
 Ernst Carl Julius Albrecht, Prime Minister of Germany
 Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General
 Adamantios Androutsopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece
 Juwono Sudarsono, Minister of Defense in Indonesia
Yahya Muhaimin, Minister of National Education in Indonesia
 Ehud Barak, Prime Minister in Israel
 Abdullah Bin Al-Hussein, King of Jordan
 Kang Young Hoon, Prime Minister of Korea
 Mahathir bin Mohammed, Prime Minister of Malaysia

8.  Vicente Fox, President of Mexico
Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President of Mexico
Herminio Blanco Mendoza, Secretary of Commerce/ Industrial Dev. In Mexico
 Prince Albert of Monaco
 Birendra Bir Birkram Shah Dev, King of Nepal
 Antonio Lacayo Oyanguren, Minister of Presidency of Nicaragua
 Benazir Bhutto, President of Pakistan
 Alejandro Toledo, President of Peru
 Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru
 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, President of Philippines
 Fidel Ramos, President of Philippines
Corazon Cojuangco Aquino, President of Philippines
 Goh Chok Tong, Prime Minister of Singapore
 Javier Solana, NATO Secretary-General
 John Chang, Vice Premier of Taiwan
Lee Teng-hui, President of Taiwan
Chen Li-An, Minister of National Defense of Taiwain
Suleyman Demirel, President of Turkey
 Canaan Sodindo Banana, President of Zimbabwe

9. They are all world leaders who have
studied in the United States!
Limiting or providing greater restrictions for
international students to study in the U.S. in the
name of homeland security ultimately impedes the
active exchange ideas, cultures and viewpoints
(Burnett, 2005).

10. Many of the international students in the
U.S. are graduate students whose research
has not only provided important advances
in various disciplines but have also
generated a great deal of profit and
notoriety for U.S. companies (Hamermesh,
2006).
Since 1971, nearly 5,000,000
international students have
studied in the United States
(Spilimbergo, 2009).
International students contributed over 17 billion dollars to the U.S. economy in
the last academic year (Institute of International Education, 2009).

11.  As consumers, their choices are
influenced by,
› Price
› Value
› Access
› Competition
› Long term benefits
› Geopolitical changes

12.  Transnational education is growing and the market reacts
appropriately to changes. For example, following the
implementation of restrictive government measures in the U.S.
and Australia:
› Canada saw a huge increase in students from
predominately Muslim countries at the same time that the
United States saw a precipitous decline in this same
population.
› New Zealand saw a big increase in international students
just as Australia saw a 40% decline.

13. How does How does
the U.S. the U.S.
find the continue to
right preserve
stability Leadership
with Prominence
security on a global
While at the same time…
Measures? scale?

14. The concern for U.S. security is justifiable, but security
measures need to be realistic and meaningful. Mr.
Bilirakis’ new regulations would require international
students to be reported on every 30 days. The
amount of resources required on behalf of U.S.
educational institutions to accomplish this would be
extraordinary. In addition, it sends the wrong
message to the larger global community. Taking
cues from Economics and Business, policy makers
and government institutions should step outside of
their current frames of reference and view
international students as valued consumers. Access
to information, knowledge and exchange are
democratic ideas that are keys to success in the 21st
century knowledge-based economy.

15.  ABC Action News. (2010, May 19). Investigation: Government Losing Track of Foreign
Students. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from ABC Action News:
http://www.abcactionnews.com/content/taking_action_for_you/investigations/story/IN
VESTIGATION-Government-losing-track-of-foreign/aU4B8qriIUKI9OrDtYOGYQ.cspx
 Birrell, B., & Smith, F. T. (2010). Export earnings from the Overseas Student Industry: How
Much? Australian Universities Review , 4-12.
 Burnett, P. T. (2005). Information Access and Exchange among Small Worlds in a
Democratic Society: The Role of Policy in Shaping Information Behavior in the Post‐9/11
United States. The Library Quarterly , 464-495.
 Economic Times. (2010, May 12). Overseas students to Australia down 40 per cent.
Retrieved May 25, 2010, from India Times:
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/travel/visa-
power/Overseas-students-to-Australia-down-40-per-cent/articleshow/5921862.cms
 Farrow, S. (2007). The Economics of Homeland Security Expenditures: foundational
expected cost-effectiveness approaches. Contemporary Economic Policy , 14-26.
 Federal Registrar. (2008, September 26). Federal Registrar, Department of Homeland
Security. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement .
 Federation for American Immigration. (2004, February). Identity and Immigration Status
of 9-11 Terrorists. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from Federation for American Immigration:
 http://www.fairus.org/site/PageServer?pagename=iic_immigrationissuecentersc582

16.  Gilbert, J. (2010, May 12). Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from Foreign Student Numbers Rising:
http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/education/3684272/Foreign-student-numbers-rising/
 Government Security News. (2010, May 7). Government Security News. Retrieved May 21, 2010, from
Rep Bilirakis Introduces Legislation to Tighten Foreign Student Visa Security:
http://www.gsnmagazine.com/article/20672/rep_bilirakis_introduces_legislation_tighten_forei
 Hamermesh, D. S. (2006, June). Value of Peripatetic Ecomics. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from National
Bureau of Economic Review: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11453
 Institute of International Education. (2009, November 16). Record Numbers of International Studetns in
U.S. Higher Education. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from IIE: Press Releases: http://www.iie.org/en/Who-We-
Are/News-and-Events/Press-Center/Press-Releases/2009/2009-11-16-Record-Number-Of-Students
 Lu, M. (2008). Not Part of the Family: U.S. Immigration Policy and International Students. Retrieved May
23, 2010, from HEINONLINE: http://heinonline.org
 Mueller, R. (2009). Does the Statue of Liberty Still Face Out? The Diversion of Foreign Students from the
United States to Canada. Canadian Journal of Higher Education , 14-43.
 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2009). Education at a Glance. Retrieved
October 1, 2008, from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: www.oecd.org
 Spencer, A. (2008). Investigating the "Immigrant Terrorist" as a National Security Concern. Journal for
the Study of Peace and Conflict , 53-71.
 Spilimbergo, A. (2009). Democracy and Foreign Education. American Economic Review , 528-543.