"BLOOD"

2. ∞Isconsidered the “essence of life” because the
uncontrolled loss of it can result in death.
∞Also thought to define character and emotions.
∞Is a type of connective tissue, consisting of cells and
cell fragments surrounded by liquid matrix.

3.  Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products
 Transport of processed molecules
 Transport of regulatory molecules
 Regulation of pH and osmosis
 Maintenance of body temperature
 Protection against foreign substances
 Clot formation

4.  Is a pale yellow fluid that consist of about
91% water; 7% proteins; and 2% other
substances, such as ions, nutrients, gases, and
waste products

5.  Albumin
 Globulins
 Fibrinogen

6.  Albumin – makes up 58% of the plasma
proteins
 Globulins – account for 38% of the plasma
proteins
 Fibrinogen – is a clotting factor that
constitutes 4% of plasma
proteins

7.  Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon
dioxide
 Hematopoiesis – process of blood cell
production
 Stem cells or hemocytoblats – stem cells
differentiate to give rise to different cell lines,
each of which ends with the formation of a
particular type of formed element
 Growth factors – development of each cell line
is regulated by specific proteins

8. 1. Red blood cells are biconcave discs containing
hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase
•A hemoglobin molecule consists of four heme
and four globin molecules. The heme molecules
transport oxygen. Iron is required for oxygen
transport
•The globin molecules transport carbon dioxide
2. Carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in plasma
(7%), bound to hemoglobin (23%), and as
bicarbonate ions (70%)
3. Carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells promotes
the formation the formation of bicarbonate ions

9.  Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells
•Stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to
proerythroblasts. Through a series of cell division
and diffetiation, cells accumulate hemoglobin, lose
their nuclei, and are released into the blood as
reticulocytes, which become red blood cells.
•In response to low blood oxygen, the kidneys
produce erythroproietin, which stimulates
erythropoiesis
 5. Worn-out red blood cell are phagocytized by
macrophages in the spleen or liver. Hemoglobin is
broken down, iron and amino acids are reused,
and heme becomes bilirubin that is secreted in bile.

10. 1.White blood cell protect the body against
microorganism and remove dead cell and debris.
2.Five types of white blood cell exist.
•Neutrophils are small phagocytic cells.
•Eosinophils reduce infalmmation.
•Basophils release histamine and are involved
with increasing the inflammatory response.
•Lymphocytes are important in immunity,
including the production of antibodies.
•Monocytes leave the blood, enter tissues, and
become large phagocytic cells called macrophages

11.  Neutrophils
 Eosinophils
 Basophils
 Lymphocytes
 Monocytes

12.  Neutrophils are small phagocytic cells.
 Eosinophils reduce inflammation.
 Basophils release histamine and are involved
with increasing the inflammatory response.
 Lymphocytes are important in immunity,
including the production of antibodies.
 Monocytes leave the blood, enter tissues, and
become large phagocytic cells called
macrophages

13.  Are cell fragments involved with preventing
blood loss.
This prevention is accomplished in two ways:
1. The formation of platelet plugs, which seal
holes in small vessels
2. The formation of clots, which help seal off lager
wounds in the vessels

14. Vascular Spasm
 Is an immediate but temporary constriction of
blood vessel resulting from a contraction of
smooth muscle within the wall of the vessel.

15. 1.Platelets repair minor damage to blood vessels
by forming plate plugs.
•In platelets adhension, platelets bind to
collagen in damaged tissues.
•In the platelets release reaction, platelets
release chemicals that activate additional
platelets.
•In the platelets aggregation, platelets bind to
one another to form a platelet plug.
2.Platelets also release chemicals(ADP and
thromboxanes) involved with blood clotting

16. 1.Blood clotting, of coagulation, is the formation of a clot
2.Blood cltting begins with the extrinsic of intrinsic
pathway. Both pathways end with the production of
activated factor X.
•The extrinsic pathways begins with the release of
thromboplastin from damage tissues
•The intrinsic pathway begins with the activation of
afctorXII
3.Activated factor X, factor V, phospholipids, and Ca form
prothrombinase.
4.Prothrombin is converted to thrombin by
prothrombinase.
5.Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin. The
insoluble fibrin forms the clot.

17. - Anticoagulants in the blood, such as antithrombin
and heparin, prevent clot formation.
Clot Retraction and fibrinolysis
1. Clot retraction results from the contraction of
platelets, which pull the edges of damages tissue
closer togather.
2. Serum, whish is plasma minus fibrinogen and
some clotting factors, is squeezed out of the clot.
3. Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator
activate plasmin, which dissolves fibrin.

18. 1. Blood groups are determined by antigens on
the surface of red blood cells.
2. In transfusion reactions, antibodies can bind
to red blood cell antegens, resulting in
agglutination or hemolysis of red blood cells.

20.  N dIz Xtory, U wiLl kNow WhAt coLor meanS
in Our Life…
 Tke a DiP braetH… Inhale …Inhale..exHAle
…ExhaLE… hoooHH…
Don’t v
fOOledd,,

22. Once upon a time the colors of the world started to
quarrel: all claimed that they were the best, the most
important, the most useful, the favorite.
GREEN said: “Clearly I am the most important. I am the
sign of life and of hope. I was chosen for grass, trees,
leaves - without me, all animals would die. Look over
the countryside and you will see that I am in the
majority.”

23. BLUE interrupted: “You
only think about the earth,
but consider the sky and
the sea. It is the water that
is the basis of life and,
drawn up by the clouds,
forms the deep sea. The
sky gives space and peace
and serenity. Without my
peace, you would all be
nothing.”
YELLOW chuckled: “You are
all so serious. I bring laughter,
gaiety, and warmth into the
world. The sun is yellow, the
moon is yellow, the stars are
yellow. Every time you look at
a sunflower, the whole world
starts to smile. Without me
there would be no fun.”

24. ORANGE started next to blow her
trumpet: “I am the color of health and
strength. I may be scarce, but I am
precious for I serve the needs of human
life. I carry the most important
vitamins. Think of carrots, pumpkins,
oranges, mangoes, and pawpaws. I
don’t hang around all the time, but
when I fill the sky at sunrise or sunset,
my beauty is so striking that no one
gives another thought to any of you.”
RED could stand it no longer. He
shouted out: “I am the ruler of all of
you - I am blood - life’s blood! I am the
color of danger and of bravery. I am
willing to fight for a cause. I bring fire
into the blood. Without me, the earth
would be empty as the moon. I am the
color of passion and of love, the red
rose, the poinsettia and the poppy.”

25. PURPLE rose up to his full height.
He was very tall and spoke with
great pomp: “I am the color of
royalty and power. Kings, chiefs,
and bishops have always chosen
me for I am the sign of authority
and wisdom. People do not
question me - they listen and
obey.”
Finally, INDIGO spoke, much more
quietly than all the others, but with
just as much determination: “Think of
me. I am the color of silence. You
hardly notice me, but without me you
all become superficial. I represent
thought and reflection, twilight and
deep water. You need me for balance
and contrast, for prayer and inner
peace.”

26. And so the colors went on boasting, each convinced of his
or her own superiority. Their quarreling became louder
and louder. Suddenly there was a startling flash of bright
lightening - thunder rolled and boomed. Rain started to
pour down relentlessly. The colors crouched down in fear,
drawing close to one another for comfort.
In the midst of the clamor, rain began to speak: ” You
foolish colors, fighting amongst yourselves, each
trying to dominate the rest. Don’t you know that you
were each made for a special purpose, unique and
different? Join hands with one another and come to
me.”

27. Doing as they were told, the colors united and joined
hands. The rain continued: “From now on, when it
rains, each of you will stretch across the sky in a great
bow of color as a reminder that you can all live in
peace. The RAINBOW is a sign of hope for
tomorrow.”
And so, whenever a good rain washes the world, and a rainbow appears in the
sky, let us remember to appreciate one another.