Listed food & fertilizer additives by khaled gharib

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LISTED FOOD &
FERTILIZER ADDITIVES
AND ITS SPECIFICATIONS
(reduced copy)
Collected and arranged from Wikipedia by
agronomist Khalid Gharib , EGYPT, 2011
FOOD & FERTILIZER ADDITIVES (khaled.gharib@yahoo.com)

Contents
Articles
1- WHAT IS FOOD ADDITIVE ? 1
Food additive 1
2 - FOOD ADDITIVES LIST (E-number) 6
E number 6
3 - ANTI-CAKING AGENTS 28
Anticaking agent 28
Monocalcium phosphate 30
Dicalcium phosphate 33
Tricalcium Phosphate 35
Monomagnesium phosphate 38
Dimagnesium phosphate 39
Sodium ferrocyanide 40
Potassium ferrocyanide 42
Sodium silicate 45
Potassium silicate 52
Calcium silicate 54
Magnesium trisilicate 57
Talc 58
Talcum powder 62
Aluminium silicate 66
Calcium aluminosilicate 66
Potassium aluminium silicate 67
Sodium aluminosilicate 69
Sodium metasilicate 70
Silicon dioxide 76
Bentonite 85
Mannitol 90
Sodium bicarbonate 96
Magnesium carbonate 104
Magnesium oxide 108
Zinc silicate 112

Polydimethylsiloxane 115
Magnesium stearate 119
Stearic acid 121
Calcium stearate 124
Dimethyl polysiloxane 126
4 - COATING AGENTS 130
Food coating 130
Glazing agent 137
Beeswax 137
Candelilla wax 141
Carnauba wax 142
Shellac 144
Microcrystalline wax 149
Crystalline wax 151
Lanolin 154
Colophonium 157
Paraffin 160
Petroleum wax 163
Paraffin wax 166
Rice bran wax 169
Spermaceti 170
Wax ester 171
Fatty acid 172
5 - OTHER ADDITIVES 179
Acidity regulator 179
Food coloring 180
Emulsifier 184
Thickener 189
Color retention agent 191
Antifoaming agent 192
Antioxidant 196
Humectant 217
Preservative 218
Stabilizer (chemistry) 219
Sweeteners 219
Flavor 226

References
Article Sources and Contributors 231
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 237
Article Licenses
License 240

1
1- WHAT IS FOOD ADDITIVE ?
Food additive
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste and appearance. Some additives
have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by pickling (with vinegar), salting, as with bacon,
preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as in some wines. With the advent of processed foods in the second half of
the 20th century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin.
Numbering
To regulate these additives, and inform consumers, each additive is assigned a unique number, termed as "E
numbers", which is used in Europe for all approved additives. This numbering scheme has now been adopted and
extended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to internationally identify all additives
[1]
, regardless of whether
they are approved for use.
E numbers are all prefixed by "E", but countries outside Europe use only the number, whether the additive is
approved in Europe or not. For example, acetic acid is written as E260 on products sold in Europe, but is simply
known as additive 260 in some countries. Additive 103, alkanet, is not approved for use in Europe so does not have
an E number, although it is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand. Since 1987, Australia has had an
approved system of labelling for additives in packaged foods. Each food additive has to be named or numbered. The
numbers are the same as in Europe, but without the prefix 'E'.
The United States Food and Drug Administration listed these items as "Generally recognized as safe" or GRAS; they
are listed under both their Chemical Abstract Services number and Fukda regulation under the US Code of Federal
Regulations.
• See list of food additives for a complete list of all the names.
• See E number for the numbers.
Categories
Food additives can be divided into several groups, although there is some overlap between them.
Acids
Food acids are added to make flavors "sharper", and also act as preservatives and antioxidants. Common food
acids include vinegar, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, and lactic acid.
Acidity regulators
Acidity regulators are used to change or otherwise control the acidity and alkalinity of foods.
Anticaking agents
Anticaking agents keep powders such as milk powder from caking or sticking.
Antifoaming agents
Antifoaming agents reduce or prevent foaming in foods.
Antioxidants
Antioxidants such as vitamin C act as preservatives by inhibiting the effects of oxygen on food, and can be
beneficial to health.

Food additive 2
Bulking agents
Bulking agents such as starch are additives that increase the bulk of a food without affecting its nutritional
value.
Food coloring
Colorings are added to food to replace colors lost during preparation, or to make food look more attractive.
Color retention agents
In contrast to colorings, color retention agents are used to preserve a food's existing color.
Emulsifiers
Emulsifiers allow water and oils to remain mixed together in an emulsion, as in mayonnaise, ice cream, and
homogenized milk.
Flavors
Flavors are additives that give food a particular taste or smell, and may be derived from natural ingredients or
created artificially.
Flavor enhancers
Flavor enhancers enhance a food's existing flavors. They may be extracted from natural sources (through
distillation, solvent extraction, maceration, among other methods) or created artificially.
Flour treatment agents
Flour treatment agents are added to flour to improve its color or its use in baking.
Glazing agents
Glazing agents provide a shiny appearance or protective coating to foods.
Humectants
Humectants prevent foods from drying out.
Tracer gas
Tracer gas allow for package integrity testing to prevent foods from being exposed to atmosphere, thus
guaranteeing shelf life.
Preservatives
Preservatives prevent or inhibit spoilage of food due to fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms.
Stabilizers
Stabilizers, thickeners and gelling agents, like agar or pectin (used in jam for example) give foods a firmer
texture. While they are not true emulsifiers, they help to stabilize emulsions.
Sweeteners
Sweeteners are added to foods for flavoring. Sweeteners other than sugar are added to keep the food energy
(calories) low, or because they have beneficial effects for diabetes mellitus and tooth decay and diarrhea.
Thickeners
Thickeners are substances which, when added to the mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially
modifying its other properties.

Food additive 3
Safety
With the increasing use of processed foods since the 19th century, there has been a great increase in the use of food
additives of varying levels of safety. This has led to legislation in many countries regulating their use. For example,
boric acid was widely used as a food preservative from the 1870s to the 1920s,
[2] [3]
but was banned after World War
I due to its toxicity, as demonstrated in animal and human studies. During World War II the urgent need for cheap,
available food preservatives led to it being used again, but it was finally banned in the 1950s.
[2]
Such cases led to a
general mistrust of food additives, and an application of the precautionary principle led to the conclusion that only
additives that are known to be safe should be used in foods. In the USA, this led to the adoption of the Delaney
clause, an amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, stating that no carcinogenic substances
may be used as food additives. However, after the banning of cyclamates in the USA and Britain in 1969, saccharin,
the only remaining legal artificial sweetener at the time, was found to cause cancer in rats. Widespread public outcry
in the USA, partly communicated to Congress by postage-paid postcards supplied in the packaging of sweetened soft
drinks, led to the retention of saccharin despite its violation of the Delaney clause.
[4]
In September 2007, research financed by Britain’s Food Standards Agency and published online by the British
medical journal The Lancet, presented evidence that a mix of additives commonly found in children’s foods increases
the mean level of hyperactivity.
[5]
The team of researchers concluded that “the finding lends strong support for the
case that food additives exacerbate hyperactive behaviors (inattention, impulsivity and overactivity) at least into
middle childhood.” That study examined the effect of artificial colors and a sodium benzoate preservative, and found
both to be problematic for some children. Further studies are needed to find out whether there are other additives that
could have a similar effect, and it is unclear whether some disturbances can also occur in mood and concentration in
some adults. In the February 2008 issue of its publication, AAP Grand Rounds, the American Academy of Pediatrics
concluded that a low-additive diet is a valid intervention for children with ADHD:
“Although quite complicated, this was a carefully conducted study in which the investigators went to great lengths to
eliminate bias and to rigorously measure outcomes. The results are hard to follow and somewhat inconsistent. For
many of the assessments there were small but statistically significant differences of measured behaviors in children
who consumed the food additives compared with those who did not. In each case increased hyperactive behaviors
were associated with consuming the additives. For those comparisons in which no statistically significant differences
were found, there was a trend for more hyperactive behaviors associated with the food additive drink in virtually
every assessment. Thus, the overall findings of the study are clear and require that even we skeptics, who have long
doubted parental claims of the effects of various foods on the behavior of their children, admit we might have been
wrong.”
In 2007, Food Standards Australia New Zealand published an official shoppers' guidance with which the concerns of
food additives and their labeling are mediated.
[6]
There has been significant controversy associated with the risks and benefits of food additives. Some artificial food
additives have been linked with cancer, digestive problems, neurological conditions,ADHD, heart disease or
obesity.
[7]
Natural additives may be similarly harmful or be the cause of allergic reactions in certain individuals. For
example, safrole was used to flavor root beer until it was shown to be carcinogenic. Due to the application of the
Delaney clause, it may not be added to foods, even though it occurs naturally in sassafras and sweet basil.
[8]
Extreme caution should be taken with sodium nitrite which is mainly used a food coloring agent. Sodium nitrite is
added to meats to produce an appealing and fresh red color to the consumer. Sodium nitrite can produce cancer
causing chemicals such as nitrosamines, and numerous studies have shown a link between nitrite and cancer in
humans that consume processed and cured meats.
[9]
Blue 1, Blue 2, Red 3, and Yellow 6 are among the food colorings that have been linked to various health risks. Blue
1 is used to color candy, soft drinks, and pastries and there has been some evidence that it may cause cancer. Blue 2
can be found in pet food, soft drinks, and pastries, and has shown to cause brain tumors in mice. Red 3, mainly used
in cherries for cocktails has been correlated with thyroid tumors in rats and humans as well. Yellow 6, used in

Food additive 4
sausages, gelatin, and candy can lead to the attribution of gland and kidney tumors and contains carcinogens, but in
minimal amounts.
[10]
Standardization of its derived products
ISO has published a series of standards regarding the topic and these standards are covered by ICS 67.220.
[11]
See also
• Color retention agent
• Delaney clause
• Dietary supplement
• Food fortification
• Food labeling regulations
• Food processing
• Food supplements
• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
• List of food additives
• List of food additives, Codex Alimentarius
• Organic fertilizer
• Sugar substitute
References
[1] Codex Alimentarius. "Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives." (http://www.codexalimentarius.net/
download/standards/7/CXG_036e.pdf). .
[2] Bucci, Luke (1995). Nutrition applied to injury rehabilitation and sports medicine. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 151. ISBN 0-8493-7913-X.
[3] Rev. Lyman Abbott (Ed.) (1900). The Outlook (Vol. 64). Outlook Co.. pp. 403.
[4] Assessment of technologies for determining cancer risks from the environment. Darby, PA, USA: DIANE publishing. 1981. pp. 177.
ISBN 142892437X.
[5] McCann, D; Barrett, A; Cooper, A; Crumpler, D; Dalen, L; Grimshaw, K; Kitchin, E; Lok, K et al. (2007). "Food additives and hyperactive
behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial." (http://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17825405?ordinalpos=7&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.
Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum). Lancet 370 (9598): pp. 1560–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61306-3. PMID 17825405.
.
[6] Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2007). "Choosing the Right Stuff - the official shoppers’ guide to food additives and labels,
kilojoules and fat content" (http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/). . Retrieved 3 May 2009.
[7] http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/the-truth-about-seven-common-food-additives
[8] Fennema, Owen R. (1996). Food chemistry. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker. pp. 827. ISBN 0-8247-9691-8.
[9] http://www.sixwise.com/newsletters/06/04/05/
12-dangerous-food-additives-the-dirty-dozen-food-additives-you-really-need-to-be-aware-of.htm
[10] http://www.sixwise.com/newsletters/06/04/05/
12-dangerous-food-additives-the-dirty-dozen-food-additives-you-really-need-to-be-aware-of.htm
[11] International Organization for Standardization. "67.220: Spices and condiments. Food additives" (http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/
catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=67&ICS2=220). . Retrieved 23 April 2009.

Food additive 5
Additional sources
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (1993). Everything Added to Food in the United States. Boca Raton, FL:
C.K. Smoley (c/o CRC Press, Inc.).
• The Food Labelling Regulations (1984)
• Advanced Modular Science, Nelson, Food and Health, by John Adds, Erica Larkcom and Ruth Miller
External links
• Food Trade's Juicy Secrets (http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/13788/Food-trade-s-juicy-secrets) by John
Triggs in the Daily Express July 17, 2007
• Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) i.e. Castor oil, etc. (http://www.foodsafety.gov/
~dms/eafus.html)
• EU legislation on food additives (http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sfp/flav_index_en.html)
• CSPI's guide to food additives (http://www.cspinet.org/reports/chemcuisine.htm), ( PDF (http://www.
cspinet.org/new/pdf/additives.pdf))
• Food Standards Australia and New Zealand page on food additives (http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/
foodmatters/foodadditives.cfm)
• Evaluation of certain Food Additives and Contaminants; Sixty-first report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_922.pdf)

6
2 - FOOD ADDITIVES LIST (E-number)
E number
E numbers are number codes for food additives that have been assessed for use within the European Union (the "E"
prefix stands for "Europe").
[1]
They are commonly found on food labels throughout the European Union.
[2]
Safety
assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority.
[3]
The numbering scheme
follows that of the International Numbering System (INS) as determined by the Codex Alimentarius committee
[4]
though only a subset of the INS additives are approved for use in the European Union. E numbers are also
encountered on food labelling in other jurisdictions, including the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the
Gulf, Australia, New Zealand and Israel. The "E" prefix is omitted in Australia and New Zealand. They are
increasingly, though rarely, found on North American packaging, especially in Canada on imported European
products.
In casual language in the UK and Ireland, "E number" is used as a pejorative term for artificial food additives, and
products may promote themselves as "free of E numbers" even though most of the natural ingredients contain
components that also have an E number such as vitamin C (E300) or lycopene (E160d). Because vitamin C has an E
number (actually several E numbers, 300-305, for different chemical forms of the vitamin), it is impossible to live on
a diet without any substances that have E numbers. "Free of E numbers" then simply means that pure forms of the
substances are not intentionally added, even though identical substances certainly exist naturally in many foods.
Classification by numeric range
100–199
Colours
100–109 yellows (see the full list)
110–119 orange
120–129 reds
130–139 blues & violets
140–149 greens
150–159 browns & blacks
160–199 gold and others
200–299
Preservatives
200–209 sorbates
210–219 benzoates
220–229 sulphites
230–239 phenols & formates (methanoates)
240–259 nitrates
260–269 acetates (ethanoates)
270–279 lactates
280–289 propionates (propanoates)
290–299 others

E number 7
300–399
Antioxidants & acidity regulators
300–305 ascorbates (vitamin C)
306–309 Tocopherol (vitamin E)
310–319 gallates & erythorbates
320–329 lactates
330–339 citrates & tartrates
340–349 phosphates
350–359 malates & adipates
360–369 succinates & fumarates
370–399 others
400–499
Thickeners, stabilisers & emulsifiers
400–409 alginates
410–419 natural gums
420–429 other natural agents
430–439 polyoxyethene compounds
440–449 natural emulsifiers
450–459 phosphates
460–469 cellulose compounds
470–489 fatty acids & compounds
490–499 others
500–599
pH regulators & anti-caking agents
500–509 mineral acids & bases
510–519 chlorides & sulphates
520–529 sulphates & hydroxides
530–549 alkali metal compounds
550–559 silicates
570–579 stearates & gluconates
580–599 others
600–699
Flavour enhancers
620–629 glutamates
630–639 inosinates
640–649 others
700–799
Antibiotics
700–713
900–999
Miscellaneous
900–909 waxes
910–919 synthetic glazes
920–929 improving agents
930–949 packaging gases
950–969 sweeteners
990–999 foaming agents
1100–1599
Additional chemicals
New chemicals that do not fall into standard classification schemes
NB: Not all examples of a class fall into the given numeric range. Moreover, many chemicals, particularly in the
E400–499 range, have a variety of purposes.

E number 8
Full list
E100–E199 (colours)
Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E100 Curcumin, turmeric food colouring
(yellow-orange)
Approved in the EU
[5]
E101 Riboflavin (Vitamin B
2
), formerly called lactoflavin
(Vitamin G)
food colouring
(yellow-orange)
Approved in the EU
[5]
E101a Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate food colouring
(yellow-orange)
Approved in the EU
[5]
E102 Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5) food colouring (lemon
yellow)
Approved in the EU
[5]
E103
Alkannin
[6] food colouring
E104 Quinoline Yellow WS food colouring (dull or
greenish yellow)
Approved in the EU
[5]
Undergoing a voluntary
phase-out in the UK.
E105 Fast Yellow AB food colouring
(yellow)
N/A
E106 Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate food colouring
(yellow)
N/A
E107 Yellow 2G food colouring
(yellow)
N/A
E110 Sunset Yellow FCF (Orange Yellow S, FD&C Yellow
6)
food colouring
(yellow-orange)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
Banned in Finland and Norway.
Products in the EU require warnings and its use is being
phased-out.
E111 Orange GGN food colouring
(orange)
N/A
E120 Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmine (Natural Red 4) food colouring
(crimson)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E121 Citrus Red 2 food colouring (dark
red)
Forbidden
E122 Carmoisine, Azorubine food colouring (red to
maroon)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
Undergoing a voluntary
phase-out in the UK. Currently banned in Canada, Japan,
Norway, USA and Sweden. EU currently evaluating
health risks.
E123 Amaranth (FD&C Red 2) food colouring (dark
red)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E124 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet 4R) food colouring (red)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E125 Ponceau SX, Scarlet GN food colouring (red) N/A
E126 Ponceau 6R food colouring (red) N/A
E127 Erythrosine (FD&C Red 3) food colouring (red)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E128 Red 2G food colouring (red) Forbidden
E129 Allura Red AC (FD&C Red 40) food colouring (red)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
Banned in Denmark, Belgium,
France, Switzerland and Sweden. Undergoing a voluntary
phase out in the UK. Permitted in the USA.

E number 9
E130 Indanthrene blue RS food colouring (blue) N/A
E131 Patent Blue V food colouring (dark
blue)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E132 Indigo carmine (indigotine, FD&C Blue 2) food colouring
(indigo)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E133 Brilliant Blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1) food colouring
(reddish blue)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E140 Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins: (i) Chlorophylls (ii)
Chlorophyllins
food colouring (green)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E141 Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins
(i) Copper complexes of chlorophylls (ii) Copper
complexes of chlorophyllins
food colouring (green)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E142 Green S food colouring (green) Approved in the EU.
[5]
E143 Fast Green FCF (FD&C Green 3) food colouring (sea
green)
N/A
E150a Plain caramel food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E150b Caustic sulphite caramel food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E150c Ammonia caramel food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E150d Sulphite ammonia caramel food colouring N/A
E151 Black PN, Brilliant Black BN food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E152 Black 7984 food colouring N/A
E153 Carbon black, Vegetable carbon food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E154 Brown FK (kipper brown) food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E155 Brown HT (chocolate brown HT) food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E160a Alpha-carotene, Beta-carotene, Gamma-carotene food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E160b Annatto, bixin, norbixin food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E160c Paprika oleoresin, Capsanthin, capsorubin food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E160d Lycopene food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E160e Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30) food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E160f Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid (C 30) food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E161a Flavoxanthin food colouring N/A
E161b Lutein food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E161c Cryptoxanthin food colouring N/A
E161d Rubixanthin food colouring N/A
E161e Violaxanthin food colouring N/A
E161f Rhodoxanthin food colouring N/A
E161g Canthaxanthin food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E161h Zeaxanthin food colouring N/A

E number 10
E161i Citranaxanthin food colouring N/A
E161j Astaxanthin food colouring N/A
E162 Beetroot Red, Betanin food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E163 Anthocyanins food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E164 Saffron food colouring N/A
E166 Sandalwood red food colouring N/A
E170 Calcium carbonate, Chalk food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E171 Titanium dioxide food colouring (pure
white)
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E172 Iron oxides and iron hydroxides food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E173 Aluminium food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E174 Silver food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E175 Gold food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E180 Pigment Rubine, Lithol Rubine BK food colouring
Approved in the EU.
[5]
E181 Tannin food colouring N/A
E182 Orcein, Orchil food colouring N/A
E200–E299 (preservatives)
E200 Sorbic acid preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E201 Sodium sorbate preservative N/A
E202 Potassium sorbate preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E203 Calcium sorbate preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E209 Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate preservative N/A
E210 Benzoic acid preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E211 Sodium benzoate preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E212 Potassium benzoate preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E213 Calcium benzoate preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E214 Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]

E number 11
E215 Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E216 Propylparaben (propyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative
E217 Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative
E218 Methylparaben (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E219 Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E220 Sulphur dioxide preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E221 Sodium sulphite preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E222 Sodium bisulphite (sodium hydrogen sulphite) preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E223 Sodium metabisulphite preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E224 Potassium metabisulphite preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E225 Potassium sulphite preservative N/A
E226 Calcium sulphite preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E227 Calcium hydrogen sulphite (preservative) firming agent
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E228 Potassium hydrogen sulphite preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E230 Biphenyl, diphenyl preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E231 Orthophenyl phenol preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E232 Sodium orthophenyl phenol preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E233 Thiabendazole preservative N/A
E234 Nisin preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E235 Natamycin, Pimaracin preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E236 Formic acid preservative N/A
E237 Sodium formate preservative N/A
E238 Calcium formate preservative N/A
E239 Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine) preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]

E number 12
E240 Formaldehyde preservative Forbidden
E242 Dimethyl dicarbonate preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E249 Potassium nitrite preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E250 Sodium nitrite preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E251 Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter) preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E252 Potassium nitrate (Saltpetre) preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E260 Acetic acid (preservative) acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E261 Potassium acetate (preservative) acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E262 Sodium acetates (i) Sodium acetate (ii) Sodium hydrogen acetate (sodium
diacetate)
preservative, acidity
regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E263 Calcium acetate (preservative) acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E264 Ammonium acetate preservative N/A
E265 Dehydroacetic acid preservative N/A
E266 Sodium dehydroacetate preservative N/A
E270 Lactic acid (preservative) (acid) antioxidant
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E280 Propionic acid preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E281 Sodium propionate preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E282 Calcium propionate preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E283 Potassium propionate preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E284 Boric acid preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E285 Sodium tetraborate (borax) preservative
Approved in the
EU.
[5]
E290 Carbon dioxide acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E296 Malic acid (acid) acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]

E number 13
E297 Fumaric acid acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E300–E399 (antioxidants, acidity regulators)
E300 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E301 Sodium ascorbate antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E302 Calcium ascorbate antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E303 Potassium ascorbate antioxidant N/A
E304 Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid (Ascorbyl
palmitate)
antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E305 Ascorbyl stearate antioxidant N/A
E306 Tocopherols (natural) antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E307 Alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E308 Gamma-tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E309 Delta-tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E310 Propyl gallate antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E311 Octyl gallate antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E312 Dodecyl gallate antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E313 Ethyl gallate antioxidant
E314 Guaiac resin antioxidant N/A
E315 Erythorbic acid antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E316 Sodium erythorbate antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E317 Erythorbin acid antioxidant N/A
E318 Sodium erythorbin antioxidant N/A
E319 tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E320 Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E321 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[8]
E322 Lecithin emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E323 Anoxomer antioxidant N/A
E324 Ethoxyquin antioxidant N/A
E325 Sodium lactate acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E326 Potassium lactate (antioxidant) acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E327 Calcium lactate acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E328 Ammonium lactate acidity regulator N/A

E number 14
E329 Magnesium lactate acidity regulator N/A
E330 Citric acid acid, acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E331 Sodium citrates (i) Monosodium citrate (ii) Disodium
citrate (iii) Sodium citrate (trisodium citrate)
acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E332 Potassium citrates (i) Monopotassium citrate (ii)
Potassium citrate (tripotassium citrate)
acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E333 Calcium citrates (i) Monocalcium citrate (ii)
Dicalcium citrate (iii) Calcium citrate (tricalcium
citrate)
acidity regulator,
firming agent,
sequestrant
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E334 Tartaric acid (L(+)-) (acid)
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E335 Sodium tartrates (i) Monosodium tartrate (ii),
Disodium tartrate
acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E336 Potassium tartrates (i) Monopotassium tartrate
(cream of tartar) (ii) Dipotassium tartrate
acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E337 Sodium potassium tartrate acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E338 Orthophosphoric acid acid
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E339 Sodium phosphates (i) Monosodium phosphate (ii)
Disodium phosphate (iii) Trisodium phosphate
antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E340 Potassium phosphates (i) Monopotassium phosphate
(ii) Dipotassium phosphate (iii) Tripotassium
phosphate
antioxidant
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E341 Calcium phosphates (i) Monocalcium phosphate (ii)
Dicalcium phosphate (iii) Tricalcium phosphate
anti-caking agent,
firming agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E342 Ammonium phosphates: (i) monoammonium
phosphate (ii) diammonium phosphate
N/A
E343 Magnesium phosphates (i) monomagnesium
phosphate (ii) Dimagnesium phosphate
anti-caking agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
This additive is under discussion
and may be included in a future amendment to the Directive
on miscellaneous additives.
E344 Lecitin citrate acidity regulator N/A
E345 Magnesium citrate acidity regulator N/A
E349 Ammonium malate acidity regulator N/A
E350 Sodium malates (i) Sodium malate (ii) Sodium
hydrogen malate
acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E351 Potassium malate acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E352 Calcium malates (i) Calcium malate (ii) Calcium
hydrogen malate
acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E353 Metatartaric acid emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E354 Calcium tartrate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E355 Adipic acid acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E356 Sodium adipate acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E357 Potassium adipate acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E359 Ammonium adipate acidity regulator N/A

E number 15
E363 Succinic acid acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E365 Sodium fumarate acidity regulator N/A
E366 Potassium fumarate acidity regulator N/A
E367 Calcium fumarate acidity regulator N/A
E368 Ammonium fumarate acidity regulator N/A
E370 1,4-Heptonolactone acidity regulator N/A
E375 Niacin (nicotinic acid), Nicotinamide colour retention agent N/A
E380 Triammonium citrate acidity regulator
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E381 Ammonium ferric citrate acidity regulator N/A
E383 Calcium glycerylphosphate acidity regulator N/A
E384 Isopropyl citrate acidity regulator N/A
E385 Calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate,
(Calcium disodium EDTA)
sequestrant
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E386 Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (Disodium
EDTA)
sequestrant
N/A
E387 Oxystearin stabiliser N/A
E388 Thiodipropionic acid
E389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate
E390 Distearyl thiodipropionate N/A
E391 Phytic acid N/A
E392 Extracts of rosemary
Approved in 2010
[10]
E399 Calcium lactobionate N/A
E400–E499 (thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers)
E400 Alginic acid (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E401 Sodium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E402 Potassium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E403 Ammonium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E404 Calcium alginate (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E405 Propane-1,2-diol alginate (Propylene glycol alginate) (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E406 Agar (thickener) (gelling agent) stabiliser
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E407 Carrageenan (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E407a Processed eucheuma seaweed (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E408 Bakers yeast glycan N/A
E409 Arabinogalactan N/A

E number 16
E410 Locust bean gum (Carob gum) (thickener) (stabiliser) (gelling agent) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E411 Oat gum (thickener) stabiliser N/A
E412 Guar gum (thickener) stabiliser
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E413 Tragacanth (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E414 Acacia gum (gum arabic) (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E415 Xanthan gum (thickener) stabiliser
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E416 Karaya gum (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E417 Tara gum (thickener) stabiliser
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E418 Gellan gum (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E419 Gum ghatti (thickener) (stabiliser) emulsifier N/A
E420 Sorbitol (i) Sorbitol (ii) Sorbitol syrup (emulsifier) (sweetener) humectant
Approved in the EU.
[11]
E421 Mannitol (anti-caking agent) sweetener
Approved in the EU.
[11]
E422 Glycerol (emulsifier) sweetener
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E424 Curdlan
E425 Konjac (i) Konjac gum (ii) Konjac glucomannane emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
May not be used in
confectionery owing to choking risk.
E426 Soybean hemicellulose
Approved in
the EU.
[9]
E427 Cassia gum
Approved in 2010
[10]
E429 Peptones N/A
E430 Polyoxyethene (8) stearate (emulsifier) stabiliser N/A
E431 Polyoxyethene (40) stearate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E432 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E433 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E434 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate (polysorbate 40) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E435 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan monostearate (polysorbate 60) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E436 Polyoxyethene (20) sorbitan tristearate (polysorbate 65) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E440 Pectins (i) pectin (ii) amidated pectin emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E441 Gelatine (emulsifier) gelling agent N/A
E442 Ammonium phosphatides emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E443 Brominated vegetable oil N/A
E444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E445 Glycerol esters of wood rosins emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E446 Succistearin N/A

E number 17
E450 Diphosphates (i) Disodium diphosphate (ii) Trisodium diphosphate (iii)
Tetrasodium diphosphate (iv) Dipotassium diphosphate (v) Tetrapotassium
diphosphate (vi) Dicalcium diphosphate (vii) Calcium dihydrogen
diphosphate
emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E451 Triphosphates (i) Sodium triphosphate (pentasodium triphosphate) (ii)
Pentapotassium triphosphate
emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E452 Polyphosphates (i) Sodium polyphosphates (ii) Potassium polyphosphates (iii)
Sodium calcium polyphosphate (iv) Calcium polyphosphates (v) Ammonium
Polyphosphate
emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E459 Beta-cyclodextrin emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E460 Cellulose (i) Microcrystalline cellulose (ii) Powdered cellulose emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E461 Methyl cellulose emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E462 Ethyl cellulose emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E464 Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, = hypromellose emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E465 Ethyl methyl cellulose emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E466 Carboxymethyl cellulose, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose N/A
E468 Crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Croscarmellose) emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
This additive is
under discussion and may be included in a
future amendment to the Directive on
miscellaneous additives
E469 Enzymically hydrolysed carboxymethylcellulose emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E470a Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier) anti-caking
agent
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E470b Magnesium salts of fatty acids (emulsifier) anti-caking
agent
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E471 Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl
distearate)
emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E472a Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E472b Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E472c Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E472d Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E472e Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty
acids
emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E472f Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E472g Succinylated monoglycerides emulsifier N/A
E473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E474 Sucroglycerides emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]

E number 18
E476 Polyglycerol polyricinoleate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E477 Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E478 Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propane-1 emulsifier N/A
E479b Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of
fatty acids
emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E480 Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate emulsifier N/A
E481 Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E482 Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E483 Stearyl tartrate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E484 Stearyl citrate emulsifier N/A
E485 Sodium Stearoyl Fumarate emulsifier N/A
E486 Calcium Stearoyl Fumarate emulsifier N/A
E487 Sodium laurylsulphate emulsifier N/A
E488 Ethoxylated Mono- and Di-Glycerides emulsifier N/A
E489 Methyl Glucoside - Coconut Oil Ester emulsifier N/A
E490 Propane-1,2-diol N/A
E491 Sorbitan monostearate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E492 Sorbitan tristearate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E493 Sorbitan monolaurate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E494 Sorbitan monooleate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E495 Sorbitan monopalmitate emulsifier
Approved in the EU.
[9]
E496 Sorbitan trioleat emulsifier N/A
E497 Polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene polymers N/A
E498 Partial polyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty acids of castor oil N/A
E500–E599 (acidity regulators, anti-caking agents)
E500 Sodium carbonates (i) Sodium carbonate (ii) Sodium bicarbonate (Sodium hydrogen
carbonate) (iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate (acidity regulator)
raising agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E501 Potassium carbonates (i) Potassium carbonate (ii) Potassium bicarbonate (Potassium
hydrogen carbonate)
acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E503 Ammonium carbonates (i) Ammonium carbonate (ii) Ammonium bicarbonate (Ammonium
hydrogen carbonate)
acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E504 Magnesium carbonates (i) Magnesium carbonate (ii) Magnesium bicarbonate Magnesium
hydrogen carbonate
acidity regulator,
anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E505 Ferrous carbonate acidity regulator N/A

E number 19
E507 Hydrochloric acid acid
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E508 Potassium chloride (gelling agent) seasoning
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E509 Calcium chloride (sequestrant) firming agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E510 Ammonium chloride, ammonia solution (acidity regulator) improving agent N/A
E511 Magnesium chloride firming agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E512 Stannous chloride antioxidant
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E513 Sulphuric acid acid
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E514 Sodium sulphates (i) Sodium sulphate (ii) acid
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E515 Potassium Sulphates (i) Potassium Sulphate (ii)
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E516 Calcium sulphate
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E517 Ammonium sulphate improving agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E518 Magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts), (acidity regulator) firming agent N/A
E519 Copper(II) sulphate preservative N/A
E520 Aluminium sulphate firming agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E521 Aluminium sodium sulphate firming agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E522 Aluminium potassium sulphate acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E523 Aluminium ammonium sulphate acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E524 Sodium hydroxide acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E525 Potassium hydroxide acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E526 Calcium hydroxide (acidity regulator) firming agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E527 Ammonium hydroxide acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E528 Magnesium hydroxide acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]

E number 20
E529 Calcium oxide (acidity regulator) improving agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E530 Magnesium oxide (acidity regulator) anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E535 Sodium ferrocyanide (acidity regulator) anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E536 Potassium ferrocyanide anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate anti-caking agent
E538 Calcium ferrocyanide anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E539 Sodium thiosulphate antioxidant N/A
E540 Dicalcium diphosphate (acidity regulator) emulsifier N/A
E541 Sodium aluminium phosphate (i) Acidic (ii) Basic emulsifier
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E542 Bone phosphate (Essentiale Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic) anti-caking agent N/A
E543 Calcium sodium polyphosphate emulsifier N/A
E544 Calcium polyphosphate emulsifier N/A
E545 Ammonium polyphosphate emulsifier N/A
E550 Sodium Silicates (i) Sodium silicate (ii) Sodium metasilicate anti-caking agent N/A
E551 Silicon dioxide (Silica) anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E552 Calcium silicate anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E553a (i) Magnesium silicate (ii) Magnesium trisilicate anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E553b Talc anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E554 Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate) anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E555 Potassium aluminium silicate anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E556 Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium silicate) anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E557 Zinc silicate anti-caking agent
E558 Bentonite anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E559 Aluminium silicate (Kaolin) anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E560 Potassium silicate anti-caking agent N/A
E561 Vermiculite N/A

E number 21
E562 Sepiolite N/A
E563 Sepiolitic clay N/A
E565 4-Hexylresorcinol
Approved in the
EU.
[8]
E566 Natrolite-phonolite N/A
E570 Stearic acid (Fatty acid) anti-caking agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E572 Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate (emulsifier) anti-caking agent N/A
E574 Gluconic acid acidity regulator
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E575 Glucono delta-lactone (acidity regulator) sequestrant
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E576 Sodium gluconate sequestrant
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E577 Potassium gluconate sequestrant
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E578 Calcium gluconate firming agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E579 Ferrous gluconate food colouring
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E580 Magnesium gluconate N/A
E585 Ferrous lactate food colouring
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E586 4-Hexylresorcinol antioxidant N/A
E598 Synthetic calcium aluminates N/A
E599 Perlite N/A
E600–E699 (flavour enhancers)
E620 Glutamic acid flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E621 Monosodium glutamate(MSG) flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E622 Monopotassium glutamate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E623 Calcium diglutamate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E624 Monoammonium glutamate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E625 Magnesium diglutamate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E626 Guanylic acid flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E627 Disodium guanylate, sodium guanylate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E628 Dipotassium guanylate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]

E number 22
E629 Calcium guanylate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E630 Inosinic acid flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E631 Disodium inosinate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E632 Dipotassium inosinate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E633 Calcium inosinate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E634 Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E635 Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E636 Maltol flavour enhancer N/A
E637 Ethyl maltol flavour enhancer N/A
E640 Glycine and its sodium salt flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E641 L-leucine flavour enhancer N/A
E642 Lysine hydrochloride flavour enhancer N/A
E650 Zinc acetate flavour enhancer
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E700–E799 (antibiotics)
E700 Bacitracin
E701 Tetracyclines N/A
E702 Chlortetracycline N/A
E703 Oxytetracycline N/A
E704 Oleandomycin
E705 Penicillin-G-potassium
E706 Penicillin-G-sodium
E707 Penicillin-G-procaine
E708 Penicillin-G-benzathyne
E710 Spiramycins N/A
E711 Virginiamicins N/A
E712 Flavophospholipol
E713 Tylosin N/A
E714 Monensin
E715 Avoparcin
E716 Salinomycin
E717 Avilamycin

E number 23
E900–E999 (miscellaneous)
E900 Dimethyl polysiloxane (anti-foaming agent) anti-caking agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E901 Beeswax , white and yellow glazing agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E902 Candelilla wax glazing agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E903 Carnauba wax glazing agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E904 Shellac glazing agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E905 Paraffins
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E905a Mineral oil anti-foaming agent N/A
E905b Petrolatum N/A
E905c Petroleum wax (i)Microcrystalline wax (ii) Paraffin wax glazing agent N/A
E906 Gum benzoic flavour enhancer N/A
E907 Crystalline wax glazing agent N/A
E908 Rice bran wax glazing agent N/A
E909 Spermaceti wax glazing agent N/A
E910 Wax esters glazing agent N/A
E911 Methyl esters of fatty acids glazing agent N/A
E912 Montan acid esters glazing agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E913 Lanolin, sheep wool grease glazing agent N/A
E914 Oxidized polyethylene wax glazing agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E915 Esters of colophony glazing agent N/A
E916 Calcium iodate
E917 Potassium iodate
E918 Nitrogen oxides
E919 Nitrosyl chloride
E920 L-cysteine improving agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E921 L-cystine improving agent N/A
E922 Potassium persulphate improving agent
E923 Ammonium persulphate improving agent
E924 Potassium bromate improving agent N/A
E924b Calcium bromate improving agent
E925 Chlorine preservative, bleach, improving
agent
E926 Chlorine dioxide (preservative) bleach
E927a Azodicarbonamide improving agent N/A
E927b Carbamide (urea) improving agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E928 Benzoyl peroxide (improving agent) bleach N/A

E number 24
E929 Acetone peroxide
E930 Calcium peroxide (improving agent) bleach N/A
E938 Argon packaging gas
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E939 Helium packaging gas
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E940 Dichlorodifluoromethane packaging gas Rarely used
E941 Nitrogen (packaging gas) propellant
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E942 Nitrous oxide propellant
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E943a Butane propellant
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E943b Isobutane propellant
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E944 Propane propellant
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E945 Chloropentafluoroethane propellant N/A
E946 Octafluorocyclobutane propellant N/A
E948 Oxygen packaging gas
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E949 Hydrogen packaging gas
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E950 Acesulfame potassium sweetener
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E951 Aspartame sweetener
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E952 Cyclamic acid and its sodium and calcium salts, also known as
Cyclamate
sweetener
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E953 Isomalt, Isomaltitol sweetener
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E954 Saccharin and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts sweetener
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E955 Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose) sweetener
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E956 Alitame sweetener N/A
E957 Thaumatin (sweetener) flavour enhancer
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E958 Glycyrrhizin (sweetener) flavour enhancer N/A
E959 Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone (sweetener) flavour enhancer
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E960 Stevioside sweetener N/A
E961 Neotame sweetener
Approved in 2010
[10]
E962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt (sweetener) stabiliser
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E965 Maltitol (i) Maltitol (ii) Maltitol syrup (sweetener) (stabiliser) humectant
Approved in the
EU.
[11]

E number 25
E966 Lactitol sweetener
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E967 Xylitol sweetener
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E968 Erythritol humectant
Approved in the
EU.
[11]
E999 Quillaia extract foaming agent
Approved in the EU.
[7]
E1000–E1599 (additional chemicals)
E1000 Cholic acid emulsifier N/A
E1001 Choline salts emulsifier N/A
E1100 Amylase stabiliser, flavour enhancer N/A
E1101 Proteases ((i)Protease, (ii)Papain, (iii)Bromelain, (iv)Ficin) stabiliser, flavour enhancer N/A
E1102 Glucose oxidase antioxidant N/A
E1103 Invertase stabiliser
Approved in the
EU.
[9]
E1104 Lipases N/A
E1105 Lysozyme preservative N/A
E1200 Polydextrose stabiliser, thickening agent,
humectant, carrier
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone stabiliser
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1202 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (carrier) stabiliser
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1203 Polyvinyl alcohol
Approved in
2010
[10]
E1204 Pullulan
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1400 Dextrin (Dextrins, roasted starch white and yellow) (stabiliser) thickening agent N/A
E1401 Modified starch ((Acid-treated starch) stabiliser) thickening agent N/A
E1402 Alkaline modified starch (stabiliser) thickening agent N/A
E1403 Bleached starch (stabiliser) thickening agent N/A
E1404 Oxidized starch (emulsifier) thickening agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1405 Enzyme treated starch N/A
E1410 Monostarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1411 Distarch glycerol (thickening agent) emulsifier N/A

E number 26
E1412 Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium trimetasphosphate; esterified with
phosphorus oxychloride (stabiliser)
thickening agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate (emulsifier) thickening agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1420 Starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride (stabiliser) thickening agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1421 Starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate (stabiliser) thickening agent N/A
E1422 Acetylated Distarch Adipate (stabiliser) thickening agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1423 Acetylated distarch glycerol thickening agent N/A
E1430 Distarch glycerine (stabiliser) thickening agent N/A
E1440 Hydroxy propyl starch (emulsifier) thickening agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1441 Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine (stabiliser) thickening agent N/A
E1442 Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate (stabiliser) thickening agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1443 Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerol N/A
E1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate (emulsifier) (stabiliser) thickening agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1451 Acetylated oxidised starch (emulsifier) thickening agent
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1501 Benzylated hydrocarbons N/A
E1502 Butane-1, 3-diol N/A
E1503 Castor oil resolving agent N/A
E1504 Ethyl acetate flavour solvent N/A
E1505 Triethyl citrate foam stabiliser
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1510 Ethanol N/A
E1516 Glyceryl monoacetate flavour solvent N/A
E1517 Glyceryl diacetate or diacetin flavour solvent N/A
E1518 Glyceryl triacetate or triacetin humectant
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1519 Benzyl alcohol N/A
E1520 Propylene glycol humectant
Approved in the
EU.
[7]
E1521
Polyethylene glycol 8000
[12]
Approved in
2010
[10]

E number 27
E1525 Hydroxyethyl cellulose thickening agent N/A
Notes
[1] UK Food Standards Agency (http://www.eatwell.gov.uk/foodlabels/understandingenumbers/)
[2] European Directive 95/2/EC on food additives other than colours and sweeteners (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.
do?uri=CONSLEG:1995L0002:20060815:EN:PDF)
[3] Food Additives and Ingredients Association (http://www.faia.org.uk/faq2_4.php), no date, Frequently Asked Questions, accessed 6
March 2010
[4] Codex Alimentarius. "Noms de Categorie et Systeme International de Numerotation des Additifs Alimentaires" (http://www.
codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/7/cxg_036f.pdf). . Retrieved 2 April 2009.
[5] Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers (http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist), Food
Standards Agency, 26 November 2010
[6] Additives (http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/Additives alpha.pdf), Food Standards Australia New Zealand
[7] Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers (http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist#h_7),
Food Standards Agency, 26 November 2010
[10] New additives approved for use (http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2010/nov/additives), Food Standards Agency, Friday 26
November 2010
[12] New Zealand Food Safety Authority. "Identifying Food Additives" (http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/consumers/
chemicals-nutrients-additives-and-toxins/food-additives.pdf). . Retrieved 16 January 2010.
See also
• Hydrolyzed protein
• List of food additives
• List of food additives, Codex Alimentarius
External links
• Codex Alimentarius (http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/CXS_192e.pdf)
• E-codes and ingredients search engine with details/suggestions for Muslims (http://www.guidedways.com/
halalfoodguide.php)
• Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers (http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/
additivesbranch/enumberlist)
• Food Additives in the European Union (http://www.foodlaw.rdg.ac.uk/additive.htm)
• Halal Status for E-Numbers (http://www.knowledge.hdcglobal.com/hdc/ingredient_ranges.php?id_topic=1)

28
3 - ANTI-CAKING AGENTS
Anticaking agent
An anticaking agent is an additive placed in powdered or granulated materials, such as table salt, to prevent the
formation of lumps, easing packaging, transport, and consumption.
An anticaking agent in salt is denoted in the ingredients, for example, as "anti-caking agent (554)", which is sodium
aluminosilicate, a man-made product. This product is present in many commercial table salts as well as dried milks,
egg mixes, sugar products, and flours. In Europe, sodium ferrocyanide (535) and potassium ferrocyanide (536) are
more common anticaking agents in table salt. Natural anticaking agents used in more expensive table salt include
calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.
Some anticaking agents are soluble in water; others are soluble in alcohols or other organic solvents. They function
either by adsorbing excess moisture, or by coating particles and making them water repellent. Calcium silicate
(CaSiO
3
), a commonly used anti-caking agent, added to e.g. table salt, adsorbs both water and oil.
Anticaking agents are also used in non-food items such as road salt
[1]
, fertilisers
[2]
, cosmetics
[3]
, synthetic
detergents
[4]
, and in manufacturing applications.
List of anticaking agents
The following anticaking agents are listed in order by their E number.
• E341 Tricalcium Phosphate
• E500 Sodium bicarbonate
• E535 Sodium ferrocyanide
• E536 Potassium ferrocyanide
• E538 Calcium ferrocyanide
• E542 Bone phosphate
• E550 Sodium silicate
• E551 Silicon dioxide
• E552 Calcium silicate
• E553a Magnesium trisilicate
• E553b Talcum powder
• E554 Sodium aluminosilicate
• E555 Potassium aluminium silicate
• E556 Calcium aluminosilicate
• E558 Bentonite
• E559 Aluminium silicate
• E570 Stearic acid
• E900 Polydimethylsiloxane

Anticaking agent 29
References
[1] "Anticaking Admixtures to Road Salt" (http://www.transportation.org/?siteid=55&pageid=948). Transportation.org. . Retrieved
2010-06-17.
[2] "Fertilizer compositions containing alkylene oxide adduct anticaking agents" (http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT4356020).
Google.com. . Retrieved 2010-06-17.
[3] "Talc Information" (http://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/HBI/26). Cosmeticsinfo.org. . Retrieved 2010-06-17.
[4] "Synthetic Detergents: Introduction to Detergent Chemistry" (http://www.chemistry.co.nz/introduction.htm). Chemistry.co.nz.
2006-12-15. . Retrieved 2010-06-17.

Monocalcium phosphate
Identifiers
CAS number 7758-23-8
[1]

PubChem 24454
[2]
Properties
Molecular formula CaH4
P2
O8
Molar mass 234.05 g/mol
Density 2.22 g/cm
3
Melting point 109 °C
Boiling point 203 °C (decomposes)
Solubility in water 2 g/100 mL
Hazards
EU Index Not listed
NFPA 704
Flash point Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions Calcium pyrophosphate
Other cations Magnesium phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate
Tricalcium phosphate
Strontium phosphate
(what is this?) (verify)
[3]
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references
Monocalcium phosphate is a chemical compound with the formula Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
. It is commonly found as the
monohydrate, Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
·H
2
O.

Uses
Fertilizer
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient and therefore is a common component of agricultural fertilizers. Tricalcium
phosphate Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
, a major component of phosphate rock such as phosphorite,
[4]
apatite, and other phosphate
minerals, is too insoluble to be an efficient fertilizer. Therefore it can be converted into the more soluble
monocalcium phosphate, generally by the use of sulfuric acid H
2
SO
4
. The result is hydrated to turn the calcium
sulfate into the dihydrate gypsum and sold as superphosphate of lime. Alternately phosphate rock may be treated
with phosphoric acid to produce a purer form of monocalcium phosphate and is sold as triple phosphate.
Superphosphate
Superphosphate is a fertilizer produced by the action of concentrated sulfuric acid on powdered phosphate rock.
[5]
3 Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
(s) + 6 H
2
SO
4
(aq) → 6 CaSO
4
(aq) + 3 Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
(aq)
"In 1840, Justus Von Liebig wrote, 'The crops on the field diminish or increase in exact proportion to the diminution
or increase of the mineral substances conveyed to it in manure.' Von Liebig was the first to discover that phosphate
of lime in bone meal could be rendered more readily available to plants by treatment with sulfuric acid. Sir John
Bennett Lawes about the same time discovered that phosphate rock underwent the same reaction and could be used
as a source ingredient. In the 1840s, scientists found that coprolites could be dissolved in sulfuric acid to produce
what became known as superphosphate. Bennett Lawes was the first to manufacture superphosphate at his factory in
Deptford, England in 1842."
[6]
Limestone pinnacles left on Nauru after
phosphate mining.
A large market for superphosphate was created in the second half of
the 20th century by the development of aerial topdressing in New
Zealand which allowed superphosphate to be spread economically over
large areas.
Superphosphate can be created naturally in large quantities by the
action of guano, or bird feces, resulting in deposits around sea bird
colonies which can be mined. The most famous mining site is the
island of Nauru in the South Pacific from which much of the "soil" was
mined, creating temporary wealth for the inhabitants.
Triple superphosphate
Triple superphosphate is a fertilizer produced by the action of concentrated phosphoric acid on ground phosphate
rock.
[5]
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
(s) + 4 H
3
PO
4
(aq) → 3 Ca
2+
(aq) + 6 H
2
PO
4
1-
(aq) → 3 Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
(aq)
The active ingredient of the product, monocalcium phosphate, is identical to that of superphosphate, but without the
presence of calcium sulfate that is formed if sulfuric acid is used instead of phosphoric acid. The phosphorus content
of triple superphosphate (17 - 23% P; 44 to 52% P
2
O
5
) is therefore greater than that of superphosphate (7 - 9.5% P;
16 to 22% P
2
O
5
). Triple superphosphate was the most common phosphate (P) fertilizer in the USA until the 1960s,
when ammonium phosphates became more popular. It is produced in granular and nongranular form and is used both
in fertilizer blends (with potassium and nitrogen fertilizers) and by itself.

Leavening agent
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate is also used in the food industry as a leavening agent to cause baked goods to rise.
Because it is acidic, when combined with an alkali ingredient – commonly sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or
potassium bicarbonate – it reacts to produce carbon dioxide and a salt. The carbon dioxide gas is what leavens the
baked good. When combined in a ready-made baking powder, the acid and alkali ingredients are included in the right
proportions such that they will exactly neutralize each other and not significantly affect the overall pH of the
product.
References
[1] http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=7758-23-8
[2] http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=24454
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3Amonocalcium_phosphate?diff=cur&oldid=386478054
[4] "Phosphate Rock" (http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photophos.html#sources). Mineral Information Institute. . Retrieved 2009-07-08.
[5] McMurry, John; Fay, Robert C. (2004). Chemistry (4 ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 841–2.
[6] "About Yara: History" (http://fert.yara.co.uk/en/about_us/history/index.html). Yara International ASA. . Retrieved 2009-07-08.
• Yara corporate History (http://fert.yara.co.uk/en/about_us/history/index.html) Accessed May 2007
• Havlin, J.L., J.D. Beaton, S.L. Tisdale, and W.L. Nelson. 2005. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 7th edn. Pearson
Prentice Hall, N.J.

Dicalcium phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate
Identifiers
[1]
,
7789-77-7 (dihydrate)
PubChem 104805
[2]
ChemSpider 10605753
[3]

UNII L11K75P92J
[4]

Properties
Molecular formula CaHPO4
Density 2.929 g/cm
3
Solubility in water 0.02 g/100 mL
Hazards
EU Index Not listed
NFPA 704
Related compounds
Tricalcium phosphate
Strontium phosphate
[5]
Infobox references
Dicalcium phosphate, also known as calcium monohydrogen phosphate, is a dibasic calcium phosphate. It is
usually found as the dihydrate, with the chemical formula of CaHPO
4
• 2H
2
O, but it can be thermally converted to
the anhydrous form. It is practically insoluble in water, with a solubility of 0.02 g per 100 mL at 25 °C. It contains
about 29.5 percent calcium in its anyhydrous form.

Preparation
Dicalcium phosphate may be formed by the reaction of stoichiometric quantities of calcium oxide and phosphoric
acid:
CaO + H
3
PO
4
→ CaHPO
4
+ H
2
O.
Uses
Dicalcium phosphate is mainly used as a dietary supplement in prepared breakfast cereals, dog treats, enriched flour,
and noodle products. It is also used as a tableting agent in some pharmaceutical preparations, including some
products meant to eliminate body odor. It is used in poultry feed.
References
[3] http://www.chemspider.com/10605753
[4] http://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regno=L11K75P92J
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3Adicalcium_phosphate?diff=cur&oldid=401987152

Tricalcium Phosphate
Tricalcium Phosphate
Identifiers
[1]

PubChem 516943
[2]
ChemSpider 22864
[3]

UNII K4C08XP666
[4]

Properties
Molecular formula Ca3
O8
P2
Molar mass 310.18 g mol
−1
Appearance White amorphous powder
Density 3.14 g/cm
3
Melting point Liquifies under high pressure at 1670 K (1391 °C)
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
formation Δf
H
o
298
−982.3 kcal/mol (α-form)
−984.9 kcal/mol (β-form)
Hazards
EU Index Not listed
NFPA 704
Related compounds
Dicalcium phosphate
Strontium phosphate
[5]
Infobox references
Tricalcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
. It is also known as
tribasic calcium phosphate or "bone ash" (calcium phosphate being one of the main combustion products of bone).

It has an alpha and a beta crystal form, the alpha state being formed at high temperatures. As rock, it is found in
Whitlockite.
General case
The name calcium phosphate refers to minerals containing calcium ions (Ca
2+
) together with orthophosphates
(PO
4
3-
), metaphosphates or pyrophosphates (P
2
O
7
4-
) and occasionally hydrogen or hydroxide ions.
Especially, the common mineral apatite has formula Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
X, where X is F, Cl, OH, or a mixture; it is
hydroxyapatite if the extra ion is mainly hydroxide. Much of the "tricalcium phosphate" on the market is actually
powdered hydroxyapatite.
Natural occurrence
It is found in nature as a rock in Morocco, Israel, Philippines, Egypt, and Kola (Russia) and in smaller quantities in
some other countries. The natural form is not completely pure, and there are some other components like sand and
lime which can change the composition. In terms of P
2
O
5
, most calcium phosphate rocks have a content of 30% to
40% P
2
O
5
in weight.
The skeletons and teeth of vertebrate animals are composed of calcium phosphate, mainly hydroxyapatite.
Uses
Tricalcium phosphate is used in powdered spices as an anti-caking agent.
Calcium phosphate is an important raw material for the production of phosphoric acid and fertilizers, for example in
the Odda process.
Calcium phosphate is also a raising agent (food additives) E341. Is a mineral salt found in rocks and bones, it is used
in cheese products.
It is also used as a nutritional supplement
[6]
and occurs naturally in cow milk, although the most common and
economical forms for supplementation are calcium carbonate (which should be taken with food) and calcium citrate
(which can be taken without food).
[7]
There is some debate about the different bioavailabilities of the different
calcium salts.
It is commonly used in porcelain and dental powders, and medically as an antacid or calcium supplement, although
calcium carbonate is more common in this regard.
It can be used as a tissue replacement for repairing bony defects when autogenous bone graft is not feasible or
possible.
[8] [9] [10]
It may be used alone or in combination with a biodegradable, resorbable polymer such as
polyglycolic acid.
[11]
It may also be combined with autologous materials for a bone graft.
[12] [13]
Porous beta-Tricalcium phosphate scaffolds are employed as drug carrier systems for local drug delivery in bone.
[14]
Another practical application of the compound is its use in gene transfection. The calcium ions can make a cell
competent to allow exogenous genes to enter the cell by diffusion. A heat shock afterwards then invokes the cell to
repair itself. This is a quick and easy method for transfection, albeit a rather inefficient one.

References
[3] http://www.chemspider.com/22864
[4] http://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regno=K4C08XP666
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3Atricalcium_phosphate?diff=cur&oldid=401641515
[6] Bonjour JP, Carrie AL, Ferrari S, Clavien H, Slosman D, Theintz G, Rizzoli R (March 1997). "Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth
in prepubertal girls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial" (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.
fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=507944). J. Clin. Invest. 99 (6): 1287–94. doi:10.1172/JCI119287. PMID 9077538. PMC 507944.
[7] Straub DA (June 2007). "Calcium supplementation in clinical practice: a review of forms, doses, and indications" (http://ncp.sagepub.com/
cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17507729). Nutr Clin Pract 22 (3): 286–96. doi:10.1177/0115426507022003286. PMID 17507729. .
[8] Paderni S, Terzi S, Amendola L (September 2009). "Major bone defect treatment with an osteoconductive bone substitute". Musculoskelet
Surg 93 (2): 89–96. doi:10.1007/s12306-009-0028-0. PMID 19711008.
[9] Moore DC, Chapman MW, Manske D (1987). "The evaluation of a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic for use in grafting long-bone
diaphyseal defects". Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 5 (3): 356–65.
doi:10.1002/jor.1100050307. PMID 3040949.
[10] Lange TA, Zerwekh JE, Peek RD, Mooney V, Harrison BH (1986). "Granular tricalcium phosphate in large cancellous defects". Annals of
Clinical and Laboratory Science 16 (6): 467–72. PMID 3541772.
[11] Cao H, Kuboyama N (September 2009). "A biodegradable porous composite scaffold of PGA/beta-TCP for bone tissue engineering". Bone
46 (2): 386–95. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.09.031. PMID 19800045.
[12] Erbe EM, Marx JG, Clineff TD, Bellincampi LD (October 2001). "Potential of an ultraporous beta-tricalcium phosphate synthetic cancellous
bone void filler and bone marrow aspirate composite graft". European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the
European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 10 Suppl 2: S141–6.
doi:10.1007/s005860100287. PMID 11716011.
[13] Bansal S, Chauhan V, Sharma S, Maheshwari R, Juyal A, Raghuvanshi S (July 2009). "Evaluation of hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium
phosphate mixed with bone marrow aspirate as a bone graft substitute for posterolateral spinal fusion" (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2762171). Indian Journal of Orthopaedics 43 (3): 234–9. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.49387.
PMID 19838344. PMC 2762171.
[14] Kundu, B; Lemos A; Soundrapandian C; Sen PS; Datta S; Ferreira JMF; Basu D (2010). "Development of porous HAp and β-TCP scaffolds
by starch consolidation with foaming method and drug-chitosan bilayered scaffold based drug delivery system" (http://www.springerlink.
com/content/92659025267n6482/). J Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 21 (11): 2955–69. doi:10.1007/s10856-010-4127-0. PMID 20644982. .

Monomagnesium phosphate 38
Monomagnesium phosphate
Monomagnesium phosphate[1]
Identifiers
[2]
, (Anhydrous)
15609-87-7 (Dihydrate)
Properties
Molecular formula H4
MgO8
P2
−1
Appearance White, odorless, crystalline powder
Infobox references
Monomagnesium phosphate is one of the forms of magnesium phosphate. It is a magnesium acid salt of phosphoric
acid with the chemical formula Mg(H
2
PO
4
)
2
.
As a food additive, it is used as an acidity regulator and has the E number E343.
References
[1] Monomagnesium phosphate (http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa-additives/specs/monograph5/additive-507-m5.pdf), FAO JECFA
Monographs 5 (2008)

Dimagnesium phosphate 39
Dimagnesium phosphate
Dimagnesium phosphate
Identifiers
[1]
,
7782-75-4 (trihydrate)
Properties
Molecular formula HMgO4
P
−1
Density 2.13 g/cm3 trihydrate
Hazards
R-phrases R36, R37, R38
NFPA 704
Infobox references
Dimagnesium phosphate is a compound with formula MgHPO
4
. It is a magnesium acid salt of phosphoric acid.
It can be formed by reaction of stoichiometric quantities of magnesium oxide with phosphoric acid.
MgO + H
3
PO
4
→ MgHPO
4
+ H
2
O.
It is one of the compounds that have E number E343 .
See also
• Magnesium phosphate
References

Sodium ferrocyanide
Sodium ferrocyanide[1]
Identifiers
[2]
PubChem 26129
[3]
EC number 237-081-9
[4]
Properties
Molecular formula Na4
Fe(CN)6
Appearance Yellow crystals
Density 1.458 g/cm
3
Melting point 435 °C (decomposes)
Solubility in water 18 g/100 mL
Structure
Crystal structure monoclinic
Hazards
S-phrases S22 S24 S25
Related compounds
Other anions Sodium ferricyanide (Red prussiate of soda)
Infobox references
Sodium ferrocyanide, also known as tetrasodium hexacyanoferrate or sodium hexacyanoferrate(II), is a
coordination compound of formula Na
4
Fe(CN)
6
that forms semitransparent yellow crystals at room temperature and
decomposes at its boiling point. It is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Despite the presence of the cyanide
ligands, sodium ferrocyanide is not especially toxic (acceptable daily intake 0–0.025 mg/(kg body weight)
[5]
)
because the cyanides are tightly bound to the metal, although it can react with acid or photodecompose to release
hydrogen cyanide gas.
In its hydrous form, Na
4
Fe(CN)
6
·10H
2
O (sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate), it is sometimes known as yellow
prussiate of soda.

Uses
Sodium ferrocyanide is a chemical additive known as E 535. It is added to road and food grade salt as an anticaking
agent.
[5]
When combined with iron, it converts to a deep blue pigment, which is the main component of prussian
blue.
[6]
In photography, it is used for bleaching, toning, and fixing. It is used as a stabilizer for the coating on
welding rods. In the petroleum industry, it is used for removal of mercaptans.
References
[1] Sodium ferrocyanide MSDS (http://siri.org/msds/f2/bdn/bdnqc.html)
[4] http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esis/index.php?GENRE=ECNO&ENTREE=237-081-9
[5] "Toxicological evaluation of some food additives including anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers and thickening agents"
(http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v05je02.htm). World Health Organization, Geneva. 1974. . Retrieved 18 May 2009.
[6] "Prussian blue" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480982/Prussian-blue). Encyclopædia Britannica. . Retrieved 18 May.
2009.

Potassium ferrocyanide
Potassium ferrocyanide
Identifiers
[1]
, (anhydrous)
14459-95-1 (trihydrate)
PubChem 161067
[2]
Properties
Molecular formula C6
N6
FeK4
Molar mass 368.35 g/mol (anhydrous)
422.388 g/mol (trihydrate)
Appearance Yellow, crystalline granules.
Density 1.85 g/cm
3
(trihydrate)
Melting point 69-71°C
Boiling point 400°C (decomp)
Solubility in water trihydrate
28.9 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Solubility insoluble in ethanol, ether
Hazards
EU Index Not listed
R-phrases R32, R52, R53
S-phrases S50(B), S61
NFPA 704
Related compounds
Other anions Potassium ferricyanide
Other cations Sodium ferrocyanide
Prussian blue
[3]
Infobox references

Potassium ferrocyanide, also known as yellow prussiate of potash or potassium hexacyanidoferrate(II), is a
coordination compound of formula K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]•3H
2
O, which forms lemon-yellow monoclinic crystals at room
temperature, and which decomposes at its boiling point.
Synthesis
Potassium ferrocyanide is the product of the reaction between hydrogen ferrocyanide and potassium hydroxide:
H
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] + KOH → K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]•3H
2
O
[4]
The reaction forms a stable compound that is neither combustible nor pyrophoric.
[5]
This compound is a strong
reducing agent and is thus incompatible with oxidizing agents.
[6]
Addition of metal chlorates, perchlorates, nitrates,
or nitrites to a solution of carefully prepared and otherwise stable potassium ferrocyanide may result in a large
explosion.
[5]
Properties
Physical characteristics
Although it is insoluble in alcohol, a liter of water can dissolve just under three hundred grams of the crystals, and
the solution can react with acid to release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas. The resulting HCN gas boils at 26 °C
and, being lighter than air (with a gaseous density of 0.94), quickly evaporates clear of the release point.
Chemical reactions
When chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution of this compound, potassium ferricyanide is formed in the reaction:
2 K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] + Cl
2
→ 2 K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] + 2 KCl
[7]
This reaction can be used to remove potassium ferrocyanide from a solution.
[8]
When the two are combined, the
product is Prussian blue. Potassium ferrocyanide, potassium ferricyanide, and Prussian blue account for over 97% of
cyanides in the environment.
[9]
Potassium ferrocyanide is also used to test for protein. Acetic acid and K
3
Fe(CN)
6
are added to an aqueous solution
of the substance being tested. The formation of a white precipitate confirms the presence of protein.
[10]
Toxicity
Potassium ferrocyanide itself is only slightly toxic,
[5]
although adding acid to its aqueous solution releases toxic
hydrogen cyanide gas. While it is not mutagenic, it may cause irritation if it is ingested, inhaled, or if it comes into
contact with skin.
[11]
The best solution in these situations is to remove the victim to fresh air or wash the affected
area thoroughly with water. It causes harm in aqueous environments and is especially toxic to aquatic organisms.
The lethal dose (LD50) in rats is 6400 mg/kg.
[5]
Uses
• Naturally, potassium ferrocyanide can be used as an alternate nitrogen source for plants. It is often used as a
gardening technique.
[12]
In an experiment to test this aim, plants were either deprived of nitrogen or given a
nitrogen-rich environment while all were exposed to either potassium ferrocyanide or its product, potassium
ferricyanide. The plants were unable to sustain themselves solely on the cyanides, but the uptake of the cyanides
did increase in the absence of nitrogen. Furthermore, the plants appeared to have different methods for the uptake
of the two cyanides.
[9]
• Industrially, this complex is used in metal extraction and to make adhesives, computer electronics, fire retardants,
cosmetics, dyes, nylon, paints, inks, plexiglass, pharmaceuticals, and rocket propellant.
[9]
It is also used in low

doses in some food preparation. It works as an anti-caking agent and it removes copper from red wine, as copper
is used as a fungicide on grapes.
[4]
• In the laboratory, potassium ferrocyanide is used to determine the concentration of potassium permanganate, a
compound often used in titrations based on redoxreactions.
History
This specific cyanide was part of an alleged terrorist attempt in Italy. On February 21, 2002 four Moroccan
Nationalists were arrested with nine pounds of potassium ferrocyanide and a map pinpointing the exact water pipes
leading to the United States Embassy in Rome. The presumed plan was that the cyanide would be dumped into the
water to poison the Embassy. Whether or not the men were planning an attack, the potassium ferrocyanide mixed
with the water would not have been enough to make it toxic. As aforementioned, it is only extremely toxic when
mixed with strong acids due to the resulting HCN gas.
[12]
See also
• Ferrocyanide
• Potassium ferricyanide
• Ferricyanide
References
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3Apotassium_ferrocyanide?diff=cur&oldid=394358825
[4] Wageningen University (2009-02-24). "Food-Info" (http://www.food-info.net/uk/e/e536.htm). . Retrieved 2009-04-30.
[5] JT Baker, Inc. (2006-02-13). "Potassium ferrocyanide MSDS" (http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/p5763.htm). . Retrieved
2009-04-30.
[6] Edwin J. deBeer, Axel M. Hjort (1935-03). "Employment of Potassium Ferrocyanide in Standardization of Dilute Potassium Permanganate"
(http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac50094a018). . Retrieved 2009-04-30.
[7] NIH. "Summary of Data for Chemical Selection" (http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/
PotassiumFerriCyanide.pdf). . Retrieved 2009-04-30.
[8] Barbara M. Ferrier, Derek Jarvis, and Vincent Du Vigneaud (1965-11). "Deamino-oxytocin. Its Isolation by Partition Chromatography on
Sephadex and Crystallization from Water, and its Biological Activities." (http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/citation/240/11/4264). .
Retrieved 2009-04-30.
[9] Yu XZ, Gu JD, Li TP (August 2008). "Availability of ferrocyanide and ferricyanide complexes as a nitrogen source to cyanogenic plants".
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 55 (2): 229–37. doi:10.1007/s00244-007-9101-6. PMID 18180862.
[10] Sherman, Henry Clapp (2007). Methods of Organic Analysis. READ BOOKS. p. 313. ISBN 1408628023.
[11] Nishioka H (June 1975). "Mutagenic activities of metal compounds in bacteria". Mutation Research 31 (3): 185–9. PMID 805366.
[12] Melinda Henneberger (2002-02-21). "A NATION CHALLENGED: SUSPECTS; 4 Arrested in Plot Against U.S. Embassy in Rome" (http:/
/www.nytimes.com/2002/02/21/world/a-nation-challenged-suspects-4-arrested-in-plot-against-us-embassy-in-rome.html?n=Top/
Reference/Times Topics/People/H/Henneberger, Melinda). . Retrieved 2009-04-30.
External links
• National Pollutant Inventory - Cyanide (inorganic) compounds fact sheet (http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/
cyanide/index.html)

Sodium silicate 45
Sodium silicate
E550 redirects here. For the Italian locomotive, see FS Class E550
Sodium silicate
Identifiers
Abbreviations E550
[1]
, 10213-79-3
[2]
pentahydrate , 13517-24-3
[3]
nonahydrate
PubChem 23266
[4]
, 61495
[5]
pentahydrate, 22671001
[6]
octahydrate, 61639
[7]
nonahydrate, 18931786
[8]
decahydrate
ChemSpider 21758
[9]
, 55415
[10]
pentahydrate , 55547
[11]
nonahydrate
EC number 229-912-9
[12]
UN number 3253
MeSH Sodium+metasilicate
[13]
RTECS number VV9275000
Properties
Molecular formula Na2
O3
Si
−1
Exact mass 121.941209749 g mol
-1
Appearance White crystals
Density 2.4 g cm-3
Melting point 1088 °C (anhydrous)
72.2 °C (pentahydrate)
Solubility in water Soluble
Refractive index (n
D
) 1.52 (anhydrous)
1.456 (pentahydrate)
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
formation Δ
f
Ho
298
−1519 kJ/mol
Standard molar
entropy So
298
113.8 J K−1
mol−1
Hazards
MSDS Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc.
[14]
EU Index 014-010-00-8

Sodium silicate 46
EU classification Corrosive (C)
R-phrases R34
, R37
S-phrases (S1/2), S13, S24/25, S36/37/39, S45
NFPA 704
Related compounds
Other anions Sodium carbonate
Sodium germanate
Sodium stannate
Sodium plumbate
Other cations Potassium silicate
[15]
Infobox references
Sodium silicate is the common name for a compound sodium metasilicate, Na
2
SiO
3
, also known as water glass or
liquid glass. It is available in aqueous solution and in solid form and is used in cements, passive fire protection,
refractories, textile and lumber processing, and automobiles. Sodium carbonate and silicon dioxide react when
molten to form sodium silicate and carbon dioxide:
[16]
Na
2
CO
3
+ SiO
2
→ Na
2
SiO
3
+ CO
2
Anhydrous sodium silicate contains a chain polymeric anion composed of corner shared {SiO
4
} tetrahedral, and not
a discrete SiO
3
2−
ion.
[16]
In addition to the anhydrous form, there are hydrates with the formula Na
2
SiO
3
·nH
2
O
(where n = 5, 6, 8, 9) which contain the discrete, approximately tetrahedral anion SiO
2
(OH)
2
2−
with water of
hydration. For example, the commercially available sodium silicate pentahydrate Na
2
SiO
3
·5H
2
O is formulated as
Na
2
SiO
2
(OH)
2
·4H
2
O and the nonahydrate Na
2
SiO
3
·9H
2
O is formulated as Na
2
SiO
2
(OH)
2
·8H
2
O.
[17]
History
Water Glass was defined in Von Wagner's Manual of Chemical Technology (1892 translation) as any of the soluble
alkaline silicates, first observed by Van Helmont in 1640 as a fluid substance made by melting sand with excess
alkali. Glauber made what he termed "fluid silica" in 1648 from potash and silica. Von Fuchs, in 1825, obtained
what is now known as water glass by treating silicic acid with an alkali, the result being soluble in water, "but not
affected by atmospheric changes".
[18]
Von Wagner distinguished soda, potash, double(soda and potash), and fixin as
types of water glass. The fixing type was "a mixture of silica well saturated with potash water glass and a sodium
silicate" used to stabilize inorganic water color pigments on cement work for outdoor signs and murals.
Properties
Sodium silicate is a white powder that is readily soluble in water, producing an alkaline solution. It is one of a
number of related compounds which include sodium orthosilicate, Na
4
SiO
4
, sodium pyrosilicate, Na
6
Si
2
O
7
, and
others. All are glassy, colourless and dissolve in water.
Sodium silicate is stable in neutral and alkaline solutions. In acidic solutions, the silicate ion reacts with hydrogen
ions to form silicic acid, which when heated and roasted forms silica gel, a hard, glassy substance.

Sodium silicate 47
CAS registry number and EINECS number
Each and every substance has its own unique CAS registry number and EINECS number. The CAS No. and
EINECS No. of sodium silicate and other related substances are:
[19]
Substance Name CAS# EC#(EINECS No.)
Silicic acid, sodium salt 1344-09-8 239-981-7
disodium metasilicate 6834-92-0 229-912-9
Sodium silicate 15859-24-2 215-687-4
Uses
Metal repair
Sodium silicate is used, along with magnesium silicate, in muffler repair and fitting paste. When dissolved in water,
both sodium silicate, and magnesium silicate form a thick paste that is easy to apply. When the exhaust system of an
internal combustion engine heats up to its operating temperature, the heat drives out all of the excess water from the
paste. The silicate compounds that are left over have glass-like properties, making a temporary, brittle repair.
Automotive repair
Sodium silicate can be used to seal leaks at the head gasket. A common use is when an alloy cylinder head engine is
left sitting for extended periods or the coolant is not changed at proper intervals, electrolysis can "eat out" sections of
the head causing the gasket to fail.
Rather than remove the cylinder head, "liquid glass" is poured into the radiator and allowed to circulate. The
waterglass is injected via the radiator water into the hotspot at the engine. This technique works because at 210–220
°F the sodium silicate loses water molecules to form a very powerful sealant that will not re-melt below 1500 °F.
A sodium silicate repair of a leaking head gasket can hold for up to two years and even longer in some cases. The
effect will be almost instant, and steam from the radiator water will stop coming out the exhaust within minutes of
application. This repair only works with water-to-cylinder or water-to-air applications and where the sodium silicate
reaches the "conversion" temperature of 210–220 °F.
Car engine disablement
Sodium silicate solution is used to inexpensively, quickly, and permanently disable automobile engines. Running an
engine with two quarts of a sodium silicate solution instead of motor oil causes the solution to precipitate,
catastrophically damaging the engine's bearings and pistons within a few minutes.
[20]
In the United States, this
procedure is required by the Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS) program.
[20] [21]
Adhesive
One common example of its use as a paper cement was for producing paper cartridges for black powder revolvers
produced by Colt's Manufacturing Company during the period from 1851 until 1873, especially during the American
Civil War. Sodium silicate was used to seal combustible nitrated paper together to form a conical paper cartridge to
hold the black powder, as well as to cement the lead ball or conical bullet into the open end of the paper cartridge.
Such sodium silicate cemented paper cartridges were inserted into the cylinders of revolvers, thereby speeding the
reloading of cap and ball black powder revolvers. This use largely ended with the introduction of Colt revolvers
employing brass-cased cartridges starting in 1873.
[22] [23]

Sodium silicate 48
When used as a paper cement, the tendency is for the sodium silicate joint eventually to crack within a few years, at
which point it no longer holds the paper surfaces cemented together.
Aquaculture
Sodium silicate gel is also used as a substrate algal growth in aquaculture hatcheries.
Food preservation
Sodium silicate was also used as an egg preservation agent in the early 20th century with large success. When fresh
eggs are immersed in it, bacteria which cause the eggs to spoil are kept out and water is kept in. Eggs can be kept
fresh using this method for up to nine months. When boiling eggs preserved this way, it is well advised to pin-prick
the egg to allow steam to escape because the shell is no longer porous.
[24]
Drilling fluids
Sodium silicate, also known as waterglass, is frequently used in drilling fluids to stabilize borehole wells and to
avoid the collapse of bore walls. It is particularly useful when drill holes pass through argillaceous formations
containing swelling clay minerals such as smectite or montmorillonite.
Concrete and general masonry treatment
Concrete treated with a sodium silicate solution helps to significantly reduce porosity in most masonry products such
as concrete, stucco, plasters. A chemical reaction occurs with the excess Ca(OH)
2
(portlandite) present in the
concrete that permanently binds the silicates with the surface making them far more wearable and water repellent. It
is generally advised to apply this treatment only after the initial cure has taken place (7 days or so depending on
conditions). These coatings are known as silicate mineral paint.

Sodium silicate 49
Passive fire protection (PFP)
Expantrol proprietary sodium silicate suspended
in 1/4" thick layer of red rubber, type 3M FS195,
inserted into a metal pipe, then heated, to
demonstrate hard char intumescence, strong
enough to shut a melting plastic pipe.
Palusol based intumescent plastic pipe device
used for commercial firestopping.
Sodium silicates are inherently intumescent. They come in prill (solid
beads) form, as well as the liquid, water glass. The solid sheet form
(Palusol) must be waterproofed to ensure longterm passive fire
protection.
Standard, solid, bead form sodium silicates have been used as
aggregate within silicone rubber to manufacture plastic pipe firestop
devices. The silicone rubber was insufficient waterproofing to preserve
the intumescing function and the products had to be recalled, which is
problematic for firestops that are concealed behind drywall in
buildings.
Pastes for caulking purposes are similarly unstable. This too has
resulted in recalls and even litigation. Only 3M's "Expantrol" version,
which has an external heat treatment that helps to seal the outer
surface, as part of its process standard, has achieved sufficient
longevity to qualify for DIBt approvals in the US for use in
firestopping
Not unlike other intumescents, sodium silicate, both in bead form and
in liquid form are inherently endothermic, due to liquid water in the
water glass and hydrates in the prill form. The absence in the US of
mandatory aging tests, whereby PFP systems are made to undergo
system performance tests after the aging and humidity exposures, are
at the root of the continued availability, in North America, of PFP
products that can become inoperable within weeks of installation.
Indiscriminate use of sodium silicates without proper waterproofing
measures are contributors to the problems and risk. When sodium
silicates are adequately protected, they function extremely well and
reliably for long. Evidence of this can be seen in the many DIBt
approvals for plastic pipe firestop devices using Palusol, which use
waterproofed sodium silicate sheets.
Refractory use
Water glass is a useful binder of solids, such as vermiculite and perlite.
When blended with the aforementioned lightweight aggregates, water
glass can be used to make hard, high-temperature insulation boards
used for refractories, passive fire protection and high temperature
insulations, such as moulded pipe insulation applications. When mixed
with finely divided mineral powders, such as vermiculite dust (which is
common scrap from the exfoliation process), one can produce high temperature adhesives. The intumescence
disappears in the presence of finely divided mineral dust, whereby the waterglass becomes a mere matrix.
Waterglass is inexpensive and abundantly available, which makes its use popular in many refractory applications.
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