A dictionary is a resource for word information. The book is about language. The encyclopedia is its closest relative, but this book is about things, people, places, and ideas; it is not a book on language. It might be challenging to distinguish between a dictionary and an encyclopedia because the two frequently share features. However, they do not have the same headword list—something you would be hard-pressed to find in an encyclopedia—and they do not share the same definitions for the headwords they do share.

1. The dictionary
Supervised by Dr. Khaleel Al Bataineh
By : Rose Alwreikat & Sura Atoum
Department of English Language and Translation
Reference: Jackson, Howard. 2003. Lexicography, Taylor & Francis Routledge, NY, USA

2. What is a dictionary?
• A dictionary is a resource for word information. The book is about
language. The encyclopedia is its closest relative, but this book is about
things, people, places, and ideas; it is not a book on language. It might
be challenging to distinguish between a dictionary and an
encyclopedia because the two frequently share features. However, they
do not have the same headword list—something you would be hard-
pressed to find in an encyclopedia—and they do not share the same
definitions for the headwords they do share.

3. Dictionary arrangement
• Typically, dictionaries are organized according to the
headwords' alphabetical order. In fact, the terms "dictionary
order" and "alphabetical order" are equivalent. However,
there are word books that have been around for a while that
are organized by theme or topic rather than alphabetically.

4. • Dictionaries are books of reference. They are consulted by
those seeking information on words. We must assume that
those who create dictionaries—the lexicographers—include
material that they are aware of or anticipate readers seeking
out. We cannot, however, expect that lexicographers will
leave out information they may anticipate readers won't
want to look up.

5. • A dictionary is more than just a reference tool; it also contains a
(partial) list of a language's vocabulary. Any dictionary has definitions
and facts that few, if any, users will wish to access because they already
know them or because they have no need for them. It would be
uncommon for a user to consult a dictionary to learn more about the
term "the," yet every dictionary would have an entry for it. However, a
grammar book would be a better resource than a dictionary for anyone
interested about learning the nuances of the English definite article.

6. • If the dictionary differs from the encyclopedia in terms of
reference material, the grammar book differs from the dictionary
in terms of linguistic description.
• As a description of a language's grammatical system, a grammar
book deals with broad rules and norms for sentence structure and
frequently discusses terms as classes or subclasses. A dictionary
explains how specific lexical objects work, including, where
appropriate, how they fit into the broad grammatical patterns. A
language may be described in terms of its grammar and
dictionary, and a dictionary will employ terms that have been
defined by the grammar. The point at which grammar and
dictionaries approach words differently relates especially to the
so-called "grammatical" terms, like the definite article, which have
a significant and frequently intricate function in grammar.

7. Who, then, are the users of dictionaries, and
for what purposes do they use them?
• We naturally think of dictionaries as being used regularly, if not often,
by academics, word game and crossword puzzle enthusiasts, and
students and learners. The majority of individuals undoubtedly
occasionally need to use a dictionary. Occasionally, we only want to
confirm the existence of a term or possible derivation. or we need to
make sure a word is spelled correctly. Or we seek up a word we have
heard but are unfamiliar with and whose definition we need to find out.
These, according to polls, are the most common applications for
dictionaries. On occasion, a person might want to check up a term's
etymology for general interest or to learn how to pronounce a word
they have only ever heard in writing..

8. • The upshot of this is that any dictionary contains a vast
amount of information that is unlikely to be consulted by any
of its users. It is there because of the dictionary’s recording
function, its description of the lexical resources of the
language. The fulfillment of its recording function may,
though, be in conflict with the dictionary’s reference
function, to provide useful information in an easily accessible
manner.

9. Dictionaries, not ‘the dictionary’
• What is the difference between monolingual and bilingual dictionaries?
• To begin, we must distinguish between dictionaries that address a
single language and those that treat more than one, generally
two languages: the former are referred to as'monolingual'
dictionaries, while the latter are referred to as 'bilingual'
dictionaries. Although bilingual dictionaries have a longer lineage
and contain some material that monolingual dictionaries do not,
they serve a very different purpose and have a number of
important differences. Bilingual dictionaries, in particular, include
two sections: an A-language to B-language section (e.g., English-
Arabic) and a Blanguage to A-language section (e.g., Arabic-
English); and the meanings of terms in bilingual dictionaries are
the translation counterparts in the other language.

10. • To begin, we must distinguish between dictionaries that address a
single language and those that treat more than one, generally
two languages: the former are referred to as'monolingual'
dictionaries, while the latter are referred to as 'bilingual'
dictionaries. Although bilingual dictionaries have a longer lineage
and contain some material that monolingual dictionaries do not,
they serve a very different purpose and have a number of
important differences. Bilingual dictionaries, in particular, include
two sections: an A-language to B-language section (e.g., English-
Arabic) and a Blanguage to A-language section (e.g., Arabic-
English); and the meanings of terms in bilingual dictionaries are
the translation counterparts in the other language.

11. • Dictionaries vary according to size, from desk-size, through
concise, to pocket and smaller, with varying dimensions,
numbers of pages, and coverage. All dictionaries present a
selection from contemporary vocabulary, but it is very
difficult to make comparisons, because of the confusingly
different methods of counting the contents (Jackson 1998).

12. • Dictionaries may differ based on their target readership or user
group. Some dictionaries are intended for young users at various
phases of their growth and educational development; they are
distinguished by a suitable vocabulary selection, restricted
quantities of information for each entry, and the frequent use of
illustrations and color. There is a variety of monolingual English
dictionaries geared towards learners of English as a second or
foreign language that take into account the specific demands of
this user group. The'monolingual learners' dictionaries' (MLDs)
are a fascinating group of reference materials that have been
linked to some of the most intriguing lexicographical advances.
The adult dictionaries intended at native speakers may be
referred to as 'general-purpose' dictionaries (Béjoint 2000:40).
They are the most often used dictionary.

13. • Besides the general-purpose dictionary, a wide variety of ‘specialist’
dictionaries is published. Some specialist dictionaries focus on an aspect of
lexical description: there are dictionaries of pronunciation (e.g. Jones 1997;
Wells 2000), dictionaries of spelling (e.g. West 1964), and dictionaries of
etymology (e.g. Weekley 1967). Other specialist dictionaries focus on the
vocabulary of a topic or subject-matter, e.g. Dictionary of Economics (Pearce
1992), Dictionary of Lexicography (Hartmann and James 1998). Such
dictionaries define the terminology that is crucial for talking about the
subject; they exclude some lexical information (e.g. pronunciation, grammar,
etymology); and they tend towards the encyclopedic, both in the extent of
their definitions or explanations, and in their inclusion of entries for people
who have made a significant contribution to the development of the subject.
• The term ‘dictionary’ is thus applied to a diverse range of reference
publications.

14. What is in a dictionary?
• There are potentially three parts to a dictionary? What are they?
• The front matter,
• The body, and
• The appendices.

15. What is in the dictionary? What is
included in the introduction?
• The introduction explains innovations and features .
• Pedition in question along with a dictionary usage guide, which may
consist of a non page outline or some lengthy computation. Other
frontal material may be an explanation of the transcription system used
to indicate pronunciation, a list of abbreviations used in the dictionary,
and an article on some related topics such as the history of language
or different types of English around the world.

16. what is included in the footnotes?
• It contains an alphabetical list of keywords. ..Each keyword is
“accompanied by a number from pieces of information that along with
keywords make up the entry.
• The keyword is usually printed in bold and tapers one or two spaces to
the left of the other lines the entries are represented in two sections

17. • The most recent vocabulary is often used in such areas as selling
dictionary , you'll find it includes more than just six seems.
• In term of lexicons, will include simple lexemes come on vehicles ,
maybe all of them, but at least those written solid (without a
hyphen)come on and it derivates meanings needs a separate definition
from the roots.
• Such as operations are usually in bold but without definition.
• Usually, the keyword lists include skewed shapes where these are
regular

18. Derivative affiliations and combination of
formulas and abbreviations
• In some dictionaries, the keyword list includes the names of places and
people. Entering geographical info graphical entries.

19. Here's the general structure of the
dictionary
• The dictionary's macro structure refers to a file arranged the
information within the entries .
• The ranging type of information within the entry will vary depending
on the type of keyword but usually includes some or all of the
following :
• Spelling: the keyword indicates regular spelling but any differences will
follow.

20. • Pronunciation in parenthesis () or italic # in parenthesis
• Some spelling modifications such as doubling consonants, drop the
letter E or change the letter or .
• Words category:
• Commonly referred to abbreviations N for noun, It is also marked as
transitive (VT)or intransitive (vi)

21. The senses
• Where the lexecon has more than one meaning, for each of them the
meaning is usually numbered, where in the sense of, or a group of the
senses belong to a different world class or subcategory …
• Refer to before the meaning in the question, a definition is given for
each meaning which is an explanatory phrase or sentence, usually
given in italics.

22. • Use where the meaning is restricted in the context of its use, the
appropriate designation precedes the meaning in question, if the
restriction applies to all senses of the lexeme, the label precedes any
other senses.
• Also, what's in a dictionary ?
• Run- ONS :
• Indefinites derivatives (with world class designation )

23. • Idioms , phrasal verbs (if not included as headwords )usually in bold .
• The etymology in traditionally in brackets as final
• For example :
• drink a drink /v. & n. v.

24. Thank you