"In general, usage labels provide specific information about the domain of application of the definition. In the more abstract sense ..., a usage label is to be taken as a higher-level instruction, as a meta-linguistic device. This means that it cannot be equated with a definition itself: it restricts the definition to a certain context. The definition of a word given by a dictionary entry is intended for a group of users belonging to those who speak or want to speak the standard form of the language of the dictionary in question.

1. USAGE

2. "In general, usage labels provide specific
information about the domain of application of the
definition. In the more abstract sense ..., a usage
label is to be taken as a higher-level instruction, as a
meta-linguistic device.This means that it cannot be
equated with a definition itself: it restricts the
definition to a certain context.The definition of a
word given by a dictionary entry is intended for a
group of users belonging to those who speak or
want to speak the standard form of the language of
the dictionary in question.

3. DIALECT
What is the meaning of the term dialect ?

4. - THE TERM DIALECT IS USED IN
TWO DISTINCT WAYS TO REFER TO
TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF
LINGUISTIC PHENOMENA.
-One usage — the more common among linguists —
refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of
a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is
applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a
dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social
class.

5. The other usage refers to a language that is
socially subordinated to a regional or national
standard language, often historically cognate or
related to the standard language, but not
actually derived from it

6. FOR EXAMPLE, MOST OF THE VARIOUS REGIONAL
ROMANCE LANGUAGES ​
​
OF ITALY, OFTEN
COLLOQUIALLY REFERRED TO AS ITALIAN
"DIALECTS," ARE, IN FACT, NOT ACTUALLY
DERIVED FROM MODERN STANDARD ITALIAN, BUT
RATHER EVOLVED FROM VULGAR LATIN SEPARATELY
AND INDIVIDUALLY FROM ONE ANOTHER AND
INDEPENDENTLY OF STANDARD ITALIAN, LONG PRIOR
TO THE DIFFUSION OF A NATIONAL STANDARDIZED
LANGUAGE THROUGHOUT WHAT IS NOW ITALY

7. FORMALITY
A number of words or senses are
marked as ‘formal’ or ‘informal

8. Formal :
The formal register is used ,less restrictive but still
limited , in technical , academic or legal settings where
corresponding is required to be polite ,
uninterrupted and restricted
Informal :
is used in dictionaries to mark the senses that are not
likely to occur in serious, prepared speech or carefully
edited writing except when used intentionally to convey
a casual tone.

9. GENERAL USAGE
We use informal language when :
-When we know the person well (friends / family
--when someone is younger than us
-- when someone has a lower position
-We use formal language when :
-- when do not know someone .
-- when someone is older than us
-- when someone is in a position of authority )

10. THE COMPOSITIONS
*Informal :
-Email to friend or family
-Stories
-Reviews
--Articles for school magazines
-*Formal :
--Email to a manager or unknown person
-- Articles to newspapers
--Essays
-- Reports

11. TOPIC OR FIELD
The words and senses are labeled in dictionaries
according to its fields or topics.The label of the word
or sense restrict it within the domain of field like
historical, biological, or medical.The topics also
means a main word that can refer to a group of
words like factory, workers, and products all can be
labeled by the word industry or manufacture.

12. HERE ARE A FEW EXAMPLES TO
ILLUSTRATE THE POINT, TAKEN FROM
NODE:
• HANDSHAKING COMPUTING
PERIVENTRICULAR ANATOMY AND
MEDICINE.

13. STATUS
The word status means the propriety of the use of a
word. Under status we would include the term
"taboo" which is defined in COD10 as a social or
religious custom placing prohibition or restriction
on a particular thing or person, you couldn't use the
taboo word in ordinary conversation, Unless you
wanted to shock. Some modern dictioneries no
longer use the Label.

14. In Oxford dictionaries, the connection is made with
'slang' the other term heading. Slang refers to
words or senses that are racy or extremely informal.
If also implies a restriction beyond simply the
formality of the context of use. It belongs with
taboo. No surprise that dictionaries differ in their
labeling of such words as the slang status of words
may over changes Short Period of time and quickly
become dated.

15. FURTHER READING
Dick Hudson's article in the International Journal of
Lexicography(1988) titled "The linguistic
foundations for lexical study and dictionary design"
examines the lexical knowledge that dictionaries
can consider

16. In his book Dictionaries: the Art and Craft of
Lexicography, Sidney Landau has a chapter on
usage (Chapter 5). (1989, 2001). 'Regional marks in
some British and American dictionaries' (vol. 9,
1996) and 'Labeling of offensive terms in
dictionaries' (vol. 9, 1996) are two articles by Juhani
Norri that deal with labeling (vol. 13, 2000).mines

17. HISTORY
What is the mean of obsolete ?
Obsolete : word is a temporal label commonly used by
lexicographers (that is, editors of dictionaries) to indicate
that a word (or a particular form or sense of a word) is no
longer in active use in speech and writing.

18. Examples of ObsoleteWords :
-Mawk "The underlying meaning of mawkish is 'maggotish.' It
was derived from a now obsolete word mawk, which meant
literally 'maggot' but was used figuratively (like maggot itself) for
a 'whim' or 'fastidious fancy.' Hence mawkish originally meant
'nauseated, as if repelled by something one is too fastidious to
eat.' In the 18th century the notion of 'sickness' or 'sickliness'
produced the present-day sense 'over-sentimental.'“
- Curglaff Curglaff is commonly felt by people in northern climes
—it is the shock that one feels when first plunging into cold water.
The word curglaff originated from Scotland in the 1800s. (Also
spelled curgloff).

19. -Groak To groak (verb) is to watch someone longingly while
they are eating, in the hope that they will give you some of
their food.The origin is possibly Scottish.
-Cockalorum Cockalorum is a little man who has an over-
inflated opinion of himself and thinks himself more
important than he is; also, boastful speech.The origin of
cockalorum may be from the from the obsolete Flemish
word kockeloeren of the 1700s, meaning "to crow."

20. -Why do words become obsolete?
Words become obsolete because the thing they refer to no
longer exists; fashionable terms can become pase and words
can be superseded by other ways of speaking. “

21. -Can you use obsolete words?
Probably never, unless you're writing historical fiction.
Archaic and obsolete words are words that are no longer
used in contemporary society, so unless you want to
specifically emulate olden times, it's best just to leave them
alone. ... Rare words are words that are slowly leaving the
English language.

22. The date 1755 : it represents a milestone in the English
language, the publication of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary.
Johnson's work was in many ways the first modern
monolingual dictionary of English. It included not just "hard"
words (as was standard in 17th century dictionaries) but
household words, and used quotations from great writers to
illustrate meaning.

23. NODE and COD10 use the labels ‘dated’, ‘archaic’, and
‘historical’ to mark words or senses no longer current; and to
these we might add the label ‘rare’.These labels are defined
as follows:
‘dated’: no longer used by the majority of English speakers,
but still encountered, especially among the older
generation. ‘historical’: still used today, but in reference to
some practice or artefact that is no longer part of the
modern world.
‘rare’: not in normal use.

24. -What is the meaning of archaic word?
The word which is having the characteristics of the
language of the past and surviving chiefly in
specialized uses an archaic word.

25. What is the difference between archaic and
obsolete ?
A distinction between archaic and obsolete words and word
senses is widely used by dictionaries. An archaic word or
sense is one that still has some current use but whose use
has dwindled to a few specialized contexts, outside which it
connotes old-fashioned language. In contrast, an obsolete
word or sense is one that is no longer used at all. A reader
encounters them when reading texts that are centuries old.

26. For example, the works of Shakespeare are old
enough that some obsolete words or senses are
encountered therein, for which glosses
(annotations) are often provided in the margins.
"In general,, "the difference between an obsolete
word and an archaic word is that, although both
have fallen into disuse, an obsolete word has done
so more recently"

27. -What is the Disputed usage ?
The Some English words are often used in ways that are
contentious among writers on usage and other
prescriptivists. e contentious usages are especially common
in spoken English.

28. Examples :
1-Ain't -though this word is widely used, it is considered
non-standard by some prescriptivists. See ain't.
2-Like and as. The preposition like is often misused as a
conjunction when only as would be appropriate. Undisputed
usage. He is an American as am I. Undisputed usage. He is
an American like me. Undisputed usage. It looks as if this
play will be a flop. Undisputed usage.This play looks like a
flop. Disputed usage. He is an American like I am. Disputed
usage. It looks like this play will be a flop. Literally

29. 3- Loan The use of loan as a verb meaning "to give out a
loan" is disputed, with lend being preferred for the verb
form. Undisputed usage. I lent him some money.
Undisputed usage. Fill out the paperwork for a loan.
Disputed usage. I loaned him some money. 4-Presently -
traditionally means "after a short period of time", and this is
the usage most frequent in British English. In American
English, it most commonly means "currently" or "at the
present time." Disputed usage: I am presently reading
Wikipedia. Undisputed usage: I will be finished with that
activity presently. Refute

30. 5- Different. Standard usage in both England and
America is "different from" (on the analogy of "to differ
from"). In England this competes with "different to"
(coined on the analogy of "similar to"). In America it
competes with "different than" (coined on the analogy
of "other than"). Undisputed usage:The American
pronunciation of English is different from the British.
Disputed usage:The American pronunciation of English
is different to the British. Disputed usage:The American
pronunciation of English is different than the British.

31. "THIS PRESENTATION WAS CREATED
BY: .
- MAI MAHMOUD AL-MHERAT.
-ALAA HUSSIEN ABU ORABI
- HADEEL IBRAHIM ALDAMRA.
FOR DR. KHALEEL ALBATAINEH .“