1. D
A A
Z Y
A A
N
M G
S
F H
A E
R
R E
I E
z n

2. What is kyoto protocol?
• The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol linked to the
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at
fighting global warming.
• The UNFCCC is an international environmental
treaty with the goal of achieving the
"stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations
in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system."

3. UNFCCC VS KYOTO PROTOCOL
• The major distinction between the Protocol
and the Convention is that while the
Convention encouraged industrialised
countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the
Protocol commits them to do so.

4. background
• The Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in Kyoto,
Japan, in December 1997.
• It was opened for signature on March 16, 1998,
and closed a year later.
• Ratifying countries had to represent at least 55
percent of the world’s total carbon dioxide
emissions for 1990.
• The first condition was met on May 23, 2002,
when Iceland became the 55th country to ratify
the Kyoto Protocol.

5. • When Russia ratified the agreement in
November 2004, Kyoto Protocol entered into
force on February 16, 2005.
• As a U.S. presidential candidate, George W.
Bush promised to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions.
• Shortly after he took office in 2001, however,
President Bush withdrew U.S. support for the
Kyoto Protocol and refused to submit it to
Congress for ratification.

7. KYOTO treaty
would hurt
economy!!!!

8. • As of April 2010, 191 states have signed and
ratified the protocol.
• Those states are :
china maldives
sri lanka malaysia
poland new zealand
south korea and many other countries

9. • Under the Protocol, 37 countries, the "Annex I
countries" (Australia, Austria, Canada,
Finland, Germany, United Kingdom, United
States of America etc.) commit themselves to
a reduction of four greenhouse gases (carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur
hexafluoride) and two groups of gases
(hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons)
produced by them, and all member countries
give general commitments.

10. • Annex I countries agreed to reduce their
collective greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2%
from the 1990 level (but note that, compared
to the emissions levels that would be
expected by 2010 without the Protocol, this
target represents a 29% cut)
• National targets range from 8% reductions for
the European Union and some others to 7%
for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for Russia, and
permitted increases of 8% for Australia and
10% for Iceland.

11. • Emission limits do not include emissions by
international aviation and shipping, but are in
addition to the industrial gases,
chlorofluorocarbons.

12. • Since the goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce
worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, it sets
specific emissions reduction targets for each
industrialized nation, but excludes developing
countries.
• To meet their targets, most ratifying nations
would have to combine several strategies:
1. place restrictions on their biggest polluters
2. manage transportation to slow or reduce
emissions from automobiles
3. make better use of renewable energy
sources—such as solar power, wind power,
and biodiesel—in place of fossil fuels

13. Mechanisms under kyoto
protocol
• Flexible mechanisms, also sometimes knows
as Flexibility Mechanisms or Kyoto
Mechanisms, refers to Emissions Trading, the
Clean Development Mechanism and Joint
Implementation.
• These are mechanisms defined under the
Kyoto Protocol intended to lower the overall
costs of achieving its emissions targets.

14. • These mechanisms enable parties to achieve
emission reductions or to remove carbon from
the atmosphere cost-effectively in other
countries.
• While the cost of limiting emissions varies
considerably from region to region, the
benefit for the atmosphere is in principle the
same, wherever the action is taken.

15. • The Emissions Trading-mechanism allows
parties to the Kyoto-protocol to buy
greenhouse gas emission permits from other
countries to help meet their domestic
emission reduction targets.
• Through the Joint Implementation,
industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas
reduction commitment of Annex 1 countries
may fund emission reducing projects in other
industrialised countries as an alternative to
emission reductions in their own countries.

16. • The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is
an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol
allowing industrialised countries with a
greenhouse gas reduction commitment of
Annex 1 countries to invest in projects that
reduce emissions in developing countries.
• The CDM allows net global greenhouse gas
emissions to be reduced at a much lower
global cost by financing emissions reduction
projects in developing countries where costs
are lower than in industrialised countries.

17. Current status?
• Most of the world’s industrialized nations
support the Kyoto Protocol.
• Australia also declined in the emissions of
those gases.
• One notable exception is the United States,
which releases more greenhouse gases than
any other nation and accounts for more than
25 percent of those generated by humans
worldwide.

18. Kyoto protocol and malaysia
• As a developing country, Malaysia has no
quantitative commitments under the Kyoto
Protocol at present.
• However, together with all other countries,
Malaysia is already committed under the UNFCCC
to formulate, implement, publish and regularly
update national and, where appropriate, regional
programmes containing measures to mitigate
climate change by addressing anthropogenic
emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all
greenhouse gases.

19. OUR EFFORT?
• More Malaysian companies get Kyoto
Protocol certification (2007)
Malaysia, which is committed to the Kyoto
Protocol under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is
expected to see more Malaysian companies
obtaining greenhouse emissions certification,
over the next two years.

20. • Carbon Management Consulting Group, an
international consultant on greenhouse gases and
global warming said an estimated 1,500
Malaysian companies are expected to be certified
in the two years, based on the number of
projects to be presented to the UN for validation
approval.
• Malaysia, to-date has 12 out of the total 489
projects registered with the UNFCCC, which is the
largest on a per capita basis. The majority of
these projects are involved in the use of palm
biomass and these companies can market such
technology to potential projects in countries such
as Indonesia, Vietnam or Thailand.