1. Figure 4-1. A Policy Process Model
Government-wide policies, resource allocation and oversight
Policy advice to
government
Policy Development
Consultation/ Reports to
Information  Initiation and design
government, public
 Public sector  Policy framework
Planning inputs  Operational strategy
 Civil society
to government
Oversight
Planning
Policy communication,  Evaluation
 Implementation plan dialogue, debate  Performance feedback
 Programmes
 Enforcing change
 Budget
Execution
 Capabilities
 Operations
Source: Based on process flowcharts provided by Len LeRoux, independent defense planning specialist, and Gavin Cawthra, Centre for Security and
Defence Management, University of Witwatersrand.
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