My final requirement

Switch Caseprogramming
A final requirement for
and Looping

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Programming
We first define the word “programming”, it is a
computer language programmers use to develop
applications, scripts, or other set of instructions for a
computer to execute.

programming is instructing a computer to do
something for you with the help of a programming
language. The role of a programming language can be
described in two ways:
 Technical: It is a means for instructing a Computer to
perform Tasks
 Conceptual: It is a framework within which we organize
our ideas about things and processes.


As an individual, I have learned that programming is a
very broad because it composes many scripts, applications
and can be used to run a program that has been part of the
programming language.

A programming language should both provide means
to describe primitive data and procedures and means to
combine and abstract those into more complex ones.
The distinction between data and procedures is not
that clear cut. In many programming languages, procedures
can be passed as data (to be applied to ``real'' data) and
sometimes processed like ``ordinary'' data. Conversely
``ordinary'' data can be turned into procedures by an
evaluation mechanism.


At first, programming is confusing because
you have so much to understand about codes that
will enable to run a program. Programming has
applications and program development, the best
example for this is the Internet bowser…

Programming is a creative process done by
programmers to instruct a computer on how to do a
task. Fundamentally programs manipulate numbers
and text. These are the building blocks of all
programs. Programming languages let you use them
in different ways, e.g adding numbers, etc… or
storing data on disk for later retrieval.

You have to consider languages to run or write
your own program, most demanded language in
programming is the DEV C++ (a full-featured Integrated
Development Environment (IDE)).

C++ is one of the most used programming
languages in the world. Also known as "C with Classes".

New to programming or thinking about it? It might
surprise you to know that there are many programmers
who program just for fun and it can lead to a job.


Switch Case

Switch case statements are a
substitute for long if statements that
compare a variable to several "integral"
values ("integral" values are simply values
that can be expressed as an integer, such
as the value of a char).


basic format for using switch
case:
switch ( <variable> ) {
case this-value:
Code to execute if <variable> == this-value
break;
case that-value:
Code to execute if <variable> == that-value
break;
...
default:
Code to execute if <variable> does not equal the value following
any of the cases
break;
}

The value of the variable given into switch is compared to the value
following each of the cases, and when one value matches the value
of the variable, the computer continues executing the program from
that point.


The condition of a switch
statement is a value. The case says
that if it has the value of whatever is
after that case then do whatever
follows the colon. The break is used
to break out of the case
statements. An important thing to
note about the switch statement is

that the case values may only be

“Break” is a keyword that breaks
out of the code block, usually
surrounded by braces, which it is in. In
this case, break prevents the program
from falling through and executing the
code in all the other case statements.


The default case is optional, but it is
wise to include it as it handles any
unexpected cases. Switch statements
serves as a simple way to write long if
statements when the requirements are
met. Often it can be used to process
input from a user.


This shows how would you use a Switch in a Program
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void playgame()
{
cout << "Play game called";
}
void loadgame()
}
cout << "Load game called";
void playmultiplayer()
{
cout << "Play multiplayer game called";
}

int main()
{
int input;

cout<<"1. Play gamen";
cout<<"2. Load gamen";
cout<<"3. Play multiplayern";
cout<<"4. Exitn";
cout<<"Selection: "; cin>> input;
switch ( input ) {
case 1: // Note the colon, not a semicolon
playgame();
break;
loadgame();
break;
playmultiplayer();
break;
cout<<"Thank you for playing!n";
break;
default: // Note the colon, not a semicolon
cout<<"Error, bad input, quittingn"; http://eglobiotraining.com
break;
}
cin.get();
}

That program will compile, but cannot be run
until the undefined functions are given bodies, but
it serves as a model (albeit simple) for processing
input. If you do not understand this then try
mentally putting in if statements for the case
statements. Default simply skips out of the switch
case construction and allows the program to
terminate naturally. If you do not like that, then
you can make a loop around the whole thing to
have it wait for valid input. You could easily make
a few small functions if you wish to test the code.


Looping
Loops are used to repeat a block of
code. Being able to have your program
repeatedly execute a block of code is one
of the most basic but useful tasks in
programming -- many programs or websites
that produce extremely complex output
(such as a message board) are really only
executing a single task many times.


(They may be executing a small
number of tasks, but in principle, to
produce a list of messages only
requires repeating the operation of
reading in some data and displaying
it.) Now, think about what this means:
a loop lets you write a very simple
statement to produce a significantly
greater result simply by repetition.


One Caveat: before going further,
you should understand the concept of
C++'s true and false, because it will be
necessary when working with loops (the
conditions are the same as with if
statements).

Three types of Loops:
for, while, and do..

FOR

For ( variable initialization; condition; variable update ) {
Code to execute while the condition is true
}


The variable initialization allows you to either declare a
variable and give it a value or give a value to an already
existing variable. Second, the condition tells the program that
while the conditional expression is true the loop should
continue to repeat itself. The variable update section is the
easiest way for a for loop to handle changing of the variable.
It is possible to do things like x++, x = x + 10, or even x = random
( 5 ), and if you really wanted to, you could call other
functions that do nothing to the variable but still have a useful
effect on the code.

Notice that a semicolon separates each of these
sections, that is important. Also note that every single one of
the sections may be empty, though the semicolons still have
to be there. If the condition is empty, it is evaluated as true
and the loop will repeat until something else stops it.


Example:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std; // So the program can see cout and endl

int main()
{
// The loop goes while x < 10, and x increases by one every loop
for ( int x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) {
// Keep in mind that the loop condition checks
// the conditional statement before it loops again.
// consequently, when x equals 10 the loop breaks.
// x is updated before the condition is checked.
cout<< x <<endl;
}
cin.get();
}

This program is a very simple example of a for loop. x is set to
zero, while x is less than 10 it calls cout<< x <<endl; and it
adds 1 to x until the condition is met. Keep in mind also that
the variable is incremented after the code in the loop is run
for the first time.

WHILE
The basic structure:
While ( condition ) { Code to execute while the
condition is true } The true represents a boolean
expression which could be x == 1 or while ( x != 7 ) (x
does not equal 7). It can be any combination of
boolean statements that are legal. Even, (while x ==5
|| v == 7) which says execute the code while x equals
five or while v equals 7. Notice that a while loop is the
same as a for loop without the initialization and
update sections. However, an empty condition is not
legal for a while loop as it is with a for loop.


Example:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std; // So we can see cout and endl

int main()
{
int x = 0; // Don't forget to declare variables

while ( x < 10 ) { // While x is less than 10
cout<< x <<endl;
x++; // Update x so the condition can be met eventually
}
cin.get();
}

The easiest way to think of the loop is that when it reaches the
brace at the end it jumps back up to the beginning of the loop,
which checks the condition again and decides whether to repeat
the block another time, or stop and move to the next statement
after the block.

DO..WHILE

are useful for things that want to loop at least once.

The Structure:
do {
} while ( condition ) ;


Notice that the condition is tested at the
end of the block instead of the beginning, so
the block will be executed at least once. If
the condition is true, we jump back to the
beginning of the block and execute it again.
A do..while loop is basically a reversed while
loop. A while loop says "Loop while the
condition is true, and execute this block of
code", a do..while loop says "Execute this
block of code, and loop while the condition is
true".

Example:

#include <iostream>


int main()
{
int x;

x = 0;
do {
// "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time
// even though the condition is false
cout<<"Hello, world!n";
} while ( x != 0 );
cin.get();
}

Keep in mind that you must include a trailing semi-colon after the
while in the above example. A common error is to forget that a
do..while loop must be terminated with a semicolon (the other
loops should not be terminated with a semicolon, adding to the
confusion). Notice that this loop will execute once, because it
automatically executes before checking the condition.

Codes and Explanations of the
Programs have been tested


LOOPING STATEMENT 1
#include <iostream>

int main()
{

// nSelection must be declared outside do/while loop
int nSelection;

do
{
cout << "Please make a selection: " << endl;
cout << "1) Addition" << endl;
cout << "2) Subtraction" << endl;
cout << "3) Multiplication" << endl;
cout << "4) Division" << endl;
cin >> nSelection;
} while (nSelection != 1 && nSelection != 2 &&
nSelection != 3 && nSelection != 4);

// do something with nSelection here
// such as a switch statement

return 0;
}


LOOPING STAEMENT 2
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int nSelection;
double var1, var2;

do
{
cin >> nSelection;
}

while (nSelection != 1 && nSelection != 2 &&
nSelection != 3 && nSelection != 4);

if (nSelection == 1)
{
cout << "Please enter the first whole number ";
cin >> var1;
cout << "Please enter the second whole number ";
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1+var2) << endl;
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 3
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1-var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1*var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1/var2) << endl;
}

return 0;
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 3
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int nSelection;
double var1, var2;
while (1)
{
do
{
cout << "5) Exit" << endl;
cin >> nSelection;
} while (nSelection != 1 && nSelection != 2 &&
nSelection != 3 && nSelection != 4 &&
nSelection != 5);

{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1+var2) << endl;
}

LOOPING STATEMENT 4
else if (nSelection == 2)
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1-var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1*var2) << endl;
}
{
cin >> var1;
cin >> var2;
cout << "The result is " << (var1/var2) << endl;
}
else
{
return 0;
}
}
}

LOOPING STATEMENT 5
#include <iostream>

using namespace std; // So the program can see cout and endl

int main()
{
// The loop goes while x < 10, and x increases by one every loop
for ( int x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) {
// Keep in mind that the loop condition checks
// the conditional statement before it loops again.
// consequently, when x equals 10 the loop breaks.
// x is updated before the condition is checked.
cout<< x <<endl;
}
cin.get();
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 6
#include <iostream>


int main()
{
int x;

x = 0;
do {
// "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time
// even though the condition is false
cout<<"Hello, world!n";
} while ( x != 0 );
cin.get();
}


LOOPING STATEMENT 7
#include <iostream>

int main ()
{
int n;
cout << "Enter the starting number > ";
cin >> n;

while (n>0) {
cout << n << ", ";
--n;
}

cout << "FIRE!n";
return 0;
}


SWITCH CASE 1

SWITCH CASE
#include <iostream>


int main ()

{

int score;

cout << "What was your score?";

cin >> score;

if (score <= 25)

{

cout << "nOuch, less than 25...!";

}

SWITCH CASE 2
else if (score <= 50)

{

cout << "nYou score aint great mate..";

}


{

cout << "nYour pretty good, wel done man!";

}


{

cout << "nYou got to the top!!!";

}


SWITCH CASE 3
else

{

cout << "nYou cant score higher than 100!!! Cheater!!!!";

}

cin.ignore();

cin.get();

return 0;

}


SWITCH CASE 4

#include <iostream>


int main(){
cout << "Enter a number between 1 and 5!" << endl;
int number;
cin >> number;
if(number == 1){
cout << "one";
}
else if(number == 2){
cout << "two";
}
cout << "three";
}
cout << "four";
}
cout << "five";
}
else{
cout << number << " is not between 1 and 5!";
}
cout << endl;
system("pause");
}

SWITCH CASE 5
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int price_before_discount, RM, dozen, total_price;

cout<< "How much is the price before discount for 1 dozen boxes of tissue?n";
cout<<"RM ";
cin>>price_before_discount;
cout<<"nn";

cout<< "How many dozen boxes of tissue you buy?n";
cin>>dozen;
cout<<"nn";

switch (dozen)
{
total_price = ((price_before_discount*dozen) * (95/100));
case '1': cout<< "Total price is RM ";
cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

case '4' : cout<< "Total price is RM ";
cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
break;

default : cout<< "Total price is RM ";
cout<<RM;
cout<<"nn";
}

return 0;
} http://eglobiotraining.com

SWITCH CASE 6
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
int n;
printf("Please enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
switch (n) {
case 1: {
printf("n is equal to 1!n");
break;
}
case 2: {
break;
}
case 3: {
break;
}
default: {
printf("n isn't equal to 1, 2, or 3.n");
break;
}
}
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}


SWITCH CASE 7
#include <iostream>
int main(void)
{
char grade;
cout << "Enter your grade: ";
cin >> grade;
switch (grade)
{
case 'A':
cout << "Your average must be between 90 - 100"
<< endl;
break;
case 'B':
<< endl;
break;
case 'C':
<< endl;
break;
case 'D':
<< endl;
break;
default:
cout << "Your average must be below 60" << endl;
}
return 0;
}

An output
program using Dev C++


In this looping statement, I used “while” looping, and I choose to
show MDAS just as an example for the program to run. If logical
Expression evaluates to true, the statement executes. The logical
Expression is reevaluated. The body of the loop continues to
execute until the logicalExpression is false

I have came up with this by just starting to write this code:
#include <iostream> and then enter the succeeding
codes, compiled and run.


I noticed that sometimes if the program does not run, it is
because some braces are not included and I accidentally
put braces on the same line and it causes the program not
to read its contents. Programming is sensitive, when there is
missing variable or braces or some words it does not run.

When I learned that programming is very sensitive and at
the same time very detailed when it comes to entering
codes, I make sure that it is clear means that I put
everything important codes in it so that the program
would run.

So much codes that should be entered that even the spaces
are needed programming is very specific that whatever you
have entered in to it you should specify because when the
statement is false it wouldn’t let you run the program, I have
experienced it before I arrived at this result.http://eglobiotraining.com

Because of so many experiences I had before this program
run, I found programming is also interesting for the more you
are practicing to make a program run, the more questions
that came up in my mind and try something that will fit to
this or entering new codes to make matrix etc… that I know
is possible.

In this switch case missing out a break statement causes
control to fall through to the next case label. Switches can
always be replaced by nested if-else statements, but in some
cases this may be more clumsy. Each break statement
terminates the enclosing switch statement. Control flow
continues with the first statement

Unlike if-then and if-then-else statements, the switch statement
can have a number of possible execution paths, A switch works
with the byte, short, char, and int primitive data types.


The switch statement evaluates its expression, then executes
all statements that follow the matching case label.


The switch statement can include any number
of case instances, but no two case constants within the
same switch statement can have the same value. Execution
of the statement body begins at the selected statement and
proceeds until the jump-statement transfers control out of
the case body.

Submitted to:
Prof. Erwin
Globiohttp://eglobiotraining.com

Submitted by:
Guevarra, Katrina B.
BM10203


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