2. UNIT V
SAFETY REGULATIONS
Explosions
Disaster management
Catastrophe control
Hazard control
Safety education and training
Factories Act
Safety regulations
Product safety
Case studies
3. EXPLOSION
production of a pressure discontinuity or blast
wave
pressure disturbance
rapid combustion of a flammable material
5. Chemical Explosion
arise due to exothermic reaction occurring
internally.
decomposition of unstable substances,
polymerization of monomers, or
combustion of fuel oxidant mixtures.
Heating and increase of molecular number
can result in a rise in pressure to the
bursting point of the vessel
6. Causes of Chemical Explosions
natural disasters
improper or infrequent maintenance
improper storage or transportation of
hazardous chemicals
insufficient training of personnel
human error in the operation of equipment are
all common causes.
malfunctioning of a defective product such as a
safety valve or a warning system.
7. Types of Injuries
concussions, inner ear damage and punctured
retinas
shrapnel-type puncture wounds anywhere on
the body
poisoning and lung damage
Impact injuries can occur when the force of the
explosion slams you against a wall, the ground
or any hard object
skin burns as well as lung damage.
8. Physical Explosion
Over pressure as in the case of steam boiler and
air receiver explosions.
Fire is not necessarily a consequence
Fire involving stock, buildings and plant
ancillaries
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion
(BLEVE). It happens in LPG/Propane storage
facilities.
9. Boiling Liquid Expanding
Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)
There must be a substance in liquid form.
The liquid must be in a container like sphere, bullet,
and road/rail tanker.
The contained liquid must be at a temperature
above its normal boiling point at atmospheric
pressure
Failure of the container
10. Hazards of BLEVE
• Fireball with thermal radiation with some
rainout forming pool fires.
• Missiles and Major fragmentation
• Rocketing vessel parts
• Overpressure from minor shock waves
11. Vapor Cloud Explosion
(VCE)
ignition of a flammable mixture of vapor, gas,
aerosol, or mist
release of a sufficient quantity of flammable gas
or vaporizing (flashing) liquid from a:
storage tank
process or transport vessel
piping system
12. Five conditions for Vapor Cloud Explosions
The released material must be flammable and at suitable
conditions to form a vapor cloud
An ignition source is needed to initiate the explosion.
Ignition of the flammable vapor cloud must be delayed
until a cloud of sufficient size has formed.
Turbulence is required for the flame front to accelerate to
the speeds required for a VCE
Confinement of the cloud by obstacles can result in rapid
increases in pressure during combustion.
14. DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
• Minimise the potential risks through developing disaster
early warning strategies
• Prepare and implement developmental plans to give
resilience to such disasters
• Mobilize possessions including communication and tele-
medicinal services
• To help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reduction
• Pre-disaster scheduling, preparedness, monitoring
including relief management capability.
• Prediction and early warning
• Damage assessment and relief management.
15. Role of Municipalities in
Disaster Management
Structure and Mechanism
Protection Services Department
Capability
Disaster Management Behaviors
16. Identifying Potential Disaster
Hazards
Mass-event situations (concerts, sport, other social)
Storms and storm damage
Flooding
Fires: Domestic, mountain and veld
Oils spills (at sea, on land)
Transport accidents
Hazardous material spills (spilling of chemicals, etc
from factories, trucks)
17. Role of Organizations and
Society Workers
• Know the emergency numbers.
• Statement incidents
• Do not build homes in unsafe regions or on dolomite
invested regions;
• Stay a bucket of sand after that to your door so that any
little fires can be put out quickly
• Gain knowledge of vital first aid, fire training and CPR;
• Keep in mind that swimming pools, dams and rivers are
a danger to children;
• Always follow the rules
19. Catastrophe Control
Preparation for control has two facets:
• specific disaster control organization,
plans and training that have been
provided
• fundamental organization structure,
operational relation-ships, leadership,
morale and discipline. and quality of the
physical facilities of the concern
20. Catastrophe Control
Organization
The Director
The Disaster Control Council
The Security Officer
The Fire Chief
The Salvage Chief
The Chief Health Officer
The Shop Steward, or Employee Representative
The Safety Manager
21. HAZARD CONTROL
workplace procedures adopted to minimize
injury
reduce adverse health effects
control damage to plant or equipment.
often standardized and taught to managers
and safety personnel in a given industry.
22. HAZARD CONTROL
Elimination: This involves elimination of the
hazard.
Engineering Controls: This involves modifying
the plant or equipment so that the associated
hazards are reduced.
Administrative Control: This involves changing
the way in which a particular type of work is
carried out.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): This is
considered a last resort for employee protection
for when other controls fail.
23. Approach to Hazard control
Approaching steps to control hazards in
industries:
Identification of Hazards
Training
Maintenance Culture
Chemical and Environment Hazards
Noise
25. Safety Education And
Training
Education and training provides employers, managers,
supervisors, and workers with:
Knowledge and skills needed to do their work safely and
avoid creating hazards that could place themselves or others
at risk.
Awareness and understanding of workplace hazards and how
to identify, report, and control them.
Specialized training, when their work involves unique
hazards.
26. Safety Education And Training
Action item 1: Provide program awareness training
Action item 2: Train employers, managers, and
supervisors on their roles in the program
Action item 3: Train workers on their specific roles
in the safety and health program
Action item 4: Train workers on hazard
identification and controls
27. The Factories Act, 1948:
objective of protecting workers employed in
factories against industrial and occupational
hazards.
it seeks to impose upon the owner or the occupier
to protect the workers
to secure for them employment in conditions
conductive to their health and safety.
28. Factories Act,1987
passed as a memorial to the victims of Bhopal.
provides better safeguards in the use and
handling of hazardous substance
management for greater safety measures.
29. Features of Factories Act,1987
Portable electric light in the factories
Safety officers: 1000 or more workers, risk of bodily
injury, poisoning, disease, health hazard
Safety and occupational health surveys: Chief Inspector /
Director General of Factory Advice Service / Labour
Institutes / DGHS
Protection for contract labour & other category of labour
Creche facility: more than 30 women workers (instead of
50)
Discharge /dismissal/superannuation/death in service;
wages in lieu of the quantum of leave due.
Penalty: Rates modified & revised
30. Objective of the Act
• To protect human beings from being subject to
unduly long hours of bodily strain or manual
labour.
• To provide that employees should work in
healthy and sanitary conditions
31. Scope and Applicability
Extends to whole of India.
Applies to all factories including factories
belonging to Central or any State Government
unless excluded.
The benefits available to persons who are
employed in the factory
32. Safety Regulations
A company’s safety policy is translated into
everyday action and behavior by rules and
regulations.
Employers must have rules that ensure a safe
and healthy workplace.
Employers must ensure that all employees are
knowledgeable about the rules.
Employers must ensure that safety rules are
enforced objectively and consistently.
33. Guidelines for safety rules
Minimize the number of rules to the extent possible. Too
many rules can result in rule overload.
Write rules in clear and simple language. Be brief and to
the point, avoiding ambiguous or overly technical
language.
Write only the rules that are necessary to ensure a safe
and healthy workplace. Do not nitpick.
Involve employees in the development of rules that
apply to their specific areas of operation.
Develop only rules that can and will be enforced.
Use common sense in developing rules.
34. Product safety
Term used to describe policies designed to
protect people from risks associated with
thousands of consumer products they buy and
use every day.
To develop safety standards, enforce
compliance, and to ban unsafe products under
certain circumstances.
Fastest growing areas of the law is product
liability.
35. Product Safety Program
• to limit a company’s exposure to product
liability litigation and related problems.
• to develop and maintain a comprehensive
product safety program.
The program should have three functional
components:
product safety coordinator
product safety committee
product safety auditor.
36. Product safety coordinator
Assist in setting product safety program policy
Recommend product recalls, field modifications, product
redesign, and special analysis
Conduct complaint, incident, or accident analysis
Coordinate all program documents
Facilitate communication among all parties involved in the
program
Develop a base of product safety and liability information for
use by all parties involved in the program
Establish and maintain relationships with agencies and
organizations that have missions relating to product safety
and liability
Conduct product safety program audits.
37. Product Safety Committee
Effective product safety management is the
responsibility of all departments.
Product safety committee is formed with a
representative from all major departments.
This approach gives the product safety
coordinator a broad base of expertise to call
upon and encourages broad-based support
among all departments.
38. Product Safety Auditor
Auditing is an important component of the product safety
program.
Specific duties of the product safety auditor include the
following:
Identify evidence of a lack of commitment on
management’s part
Observe the action taken when a product deficiency is
identified
Bring deficiencies to the attention of management and
make corresponding recommendations
Review documentation of actions taken to correct
product deficiencies
39. Evaluating the Product Safety
Program
The list of more common causes of product liability
exposure is as follows:
Insufficient research during product development
Faulty product design
Insufficient testing of product prototypes
Faulty manufacturing
Insufficient quality control
Poorly written instructions
Insufficient or unclear warnings
Unethical representation of the product
40. Preparing to Evaluate the
Program
The following preparatory activities can improve the quality of
the audit:
Meet with top management officials and review the purpose
of the audit
Work with all managers involved to coordinate schedules so
that audit activities occur at mutually acceptable times
Let managers know how the audit will affect their
organizations and what will be expected of them
Review all documentation relating to the product safety
program
Review product-related literature
Review copies of all warning labels and other printed
precautionary material relating to the product
41. Conducting the Evaluation
• a matter of going to all pertinent departments
• looking for evidence of the types of factors set forth.
The following departments should be audited at a
minimum:
engineering/design
manufacturing/ production
marketing/sales
service
purchasing.
42. Role of the Safety and Health
Professional
• evaluate and offer comments on the company’s
product safety program.
• evaluate product safety-related training programs
developed as part of the product safety program.
• assist in conducting product-related accident
investigations.
• provide product safety surveillance in production
areas.
• consultant to the product safety program
coordinator and the auditor
43. Quality Management and
Product Safety
A quality product is one that meets or exceeds
customer standards and expectations.
An approach to management with a large number
of proponents is quality management (QM).
With QM, every employee is
responsible for quality and its continual
improvement
empowered to make decisions/recommendations
to improve quality continually.
44. Major elements of quality
management
Requires a secure work environment
Requires leadership at all levels
Defines quality in terms of customer standards and expectations
Focuses on the continual improvement of products and processes
Requires long-term commitment of both management and
employees
Uses the teamwork approach in producing products
Emphasizes continual training
Requires total employee involvement
45. Key strategies of teamwork
Involvement of all personnel who must implement
decisions in making those decisions.
Empowerment of all personnel to take necessary
action
Communication must be a two-way activity.
Reinforcement of teamwork-oriented behavior and
product and process improvements.
Respect for the dignity and worth of all team
members, regardless of status.
46. Product Safety Program
Record Keeping
Consumer Product Safety Act (PL 92-573)
Federal Hazardous Substances Act (15 USC 1261)
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 321)
Poison Prevention Packaging Act (PL 91-601)
Occupational Safety and Health Act (PL 91-596)
Child Protection and Toy Act (PL 91-113)
Magnuson-Moss Warranty—Federal Trade Commission
Improvement Act (PL 93-637)
47. Product safety records
Comprehensive, up-to-date records are evidence of
a company’s commitment
Records document the amount of care required to
produce, market, and distribute
Records allow company officials to track products
Records give company officials a database of
information needed
48. User Feedback Collection
and Analysis
The collection and analysis of feedback from users of
the company’s products is critical to the success of a
product safety program.
User feedback can come in the form of compliments
Testimonials
Complaints
Problems
accident reports
Feedback can help identify modifications
product’s design
problems with manufacturing processes
the need for a product recall
potential lawsuits.
49. Product Literature and Safety
A key component in a product safety management
program is a company’s product literature.
assembly instructions
warning labels
technical manuals
operating instructions
Effective product literature must have
1. Minimize and simplify narrative text
2. Use illustrations whenever possible
3. eye appeal of the layout
4. Maximize drawing power
50. Safety & Health Professional’s
Role
The first role of safety and health professionals relating to
product recalls is to help prevent them by applying the
strategies and procedures.
Safety and health professionals should
know the mandatory notification requirements
be prepared to advise higher management concerning
