2. tenses

 ENGLISH GRAMMAR
LEARN AND SPEAK

PRESENTTENSE
PASTTENSE
FUTURETENSE
TENSES
UNIT 2

PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
UNIT 2

PAST TENSE
PAST SIMPLE TENSE
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
PAST PERFECT TENSE
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
UNIT 2

FUTURE TENSE
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
UNIT 2

PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
• It is used to express an action in present
time, habitual or usual actions or daily event
or universal fact.
• It is used to express an action in present time
which is usually done on a regular basis.

Present Simple TenseHow to use
1. General truths and facts
We use the simple present tense
to tell about :
The sun rises in the east.
Two plus five makes seven.
The earth goes round the sun.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

2. Habits and repeated activities
to tell about :
Bob gets up at 6.00 a.m.
My brother smokes ten cigarettes a
day.
Peter washes his hair once a week.
The banks usually open at 9.00 in
the morning.

3. Present states
to tell about :
Bob lives in America.
It tastes good.

• Structure of sentence :
• (He, She, It, Singular noun)
• (+) Subject + “s” or” es” to main verb + Object.
• (-) Subject + does not + Main verb + Object.
• (?) Does + Subject + Main verb + Object ?

Examples.
I write a letter.
He gets up early in the morning.
Sun rises in east.
• (I, We, You, They, Plural noun)
• (+) Subject + Main verb + Object.
• (-) Subject + do not + Main verb + Object.
• (?) Do + Subject + Main verb + Object ?

• Examples.
• (+) I write a letter.
• He gets up early in the morning.
• Sun rises in east.
• (-) I do not write a letter.
• He does not get up early in the morning.
• Sun does not rise in east.
• (?) Do I write a letter?
• Does he get up early in the morning?
• Does sun rise in east?

We use this tense to talk about habits.
 Meet lifts weights every day.
Simple Present Tense
SUN MON TUE WED THUR FRI SAT
 1  2  3  4  5 6
 7  8  9  10  11  12 13
 14  15  16  17  18  19 20
 21  22  23  24  25  26 27
 28  29  30
 May 
e.g.
Ben

 Madhu works late on Mondays and
Thursdays.
Maggie works late every
Monday and Thursday.
 1 2 3  4 5 6
7  8 9 10  11 12 13
14  15 16 17  18 19 20
21  22 23 24  25 26 27
28  29 30
 November 
Maggiee.g.

 We use this tense to talk about things
that always, usually, often, sometimes,
or never happen.
e.g.
Tim
Sally
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30
 July 
 Tom and Ruby sometimes play cards.

 Hint words:
 always  usually
 often  sometimes
 never
 every day  every Monday
 once a week

 We add s or es to the verb when
subject is he, she or it or singular noun.
I
You
We
They
nouns
like football.
He
She
It
noun
likes cricket.
Subject Verb Object

+ s  Mary feeds her dog. (feed)
 Peter enjoys the food. (enjoy)
 Tim always cooks the dinner. (cook)
+
es
 Tim watches TV every night. (watch)
 May usually dresses in pink. (dress)
 Bob never washes his car. (wash)
y  ies  The baby cries loudly. (cry)
 Peter carries a heavy bag. (carry)
 Tina dries the dishes every night. (dry)

 We add do not or does not to make
the sentences negative.
 Don’t change the verb after do or
does.
Mimi likes songs.
+ not
Mimi does not like songs.
Negative sentences

Now you try.
e.g.Tom orange juice every day. (drink)drinks
1 Henry often chocolate eggs. (eat)
2 Lily always up early in the morning. (get)
3 Rabbits faster than tortoises. (run)
4 May and Joe sometimes to the radio. (listen)
5 Bob a bus at 9:15 a.m. every day. (catch)
7 Most flowers good. (smell)
eats
gets
smell
catches
listen
run

Practice
e.g. Where Mary ? (live)does live
1 the children to school? (walk)
2 What Mr Wong ? (teach)
3 Tim and Bob good manners? (follow)
4 What time Helen usually up? (get)
5 the students the Net every day? (surf)
6 How Peter and Paul here? (come)
7 What you for dinner, Mary? (have)
8 Sally listening to music? (enjoy)
Do walk
does teach
follow
have
does get
Do surf
do come
do
Does enjoy
Do

Practice
1 I like visiting friends. Tammy does not
visiting friends.
2 Do you get up early?
No, we up early.
3 Tigers run fast but elephants fast.
4 Henry go to school daily but Tim and Sam do not
___ to school daily.
5 They like reading but Sally reading.
e.g. Cindy plays the piano. Ben
the piano.
does not play
like
don’t get
go
does not like
do not run

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
• It is used to express a continued or ongoing action
at present time.
• It expresses an action which is in progress at the
time of speaking. Such actions which are happening
at time of speaking are expressed by present
continuous tense.
• Present Continuous tense is also called Present
progressive tense.

Present Continuos
• Talks about actions that are happening right
now
• They are watching TV

• (+) Subject + am/is/are + verb + ” ing ” + Object.
• (-) Subject + am/is/are + not + verb ” ing ” + Object.
• (?) Am/is/are + Subject + verb “ing” + Object?

NEGATIVE
• They aren’t
watching TV,
• They are doing
homework

• He isn’t playing
computer games,
• he is cooking with
his mother

• Are they drinking a
cup of coffee?
Yes, they are.
• Are they doing
homework?
No, they aren’t, they
are drinking coffee.

ING RULES
 VERBS ending with E
Take = taking Make = making
VERBS ending with Y
Stay= staying Try= trying
VERBS with only ONE vowel
Run= running Swim= swimming
( not in case of double)

• Examples
• I am playing cricket.
• He is not driving a car.
• Are they reading their lessons?

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
• It is used to expressed an action which happened or
completed in past but usually the action which
happened or completed at a short time before now
(near past) not a very long time before now.
• Specific time such as two years ago, last week or
that day is usually not used in the sentences of in
this tense.
• This tense expresses the action whose time when it
happened, is not exactly specified but it sounds to
refer to some action that happened or completed in
near past.

• (+) Subject + has/have + verb3 + Object.
• (-) Subject + has/have + not + verb3 + Object.
• (?) Has/have + subject + verb3+ Object?

In English past participle means
third form of verb

• Examples:
• (+) I have eaten meal
• She has learnt a lesson
• (-) I have not eaten meal.
• She has not learnt a lesson.
• (?) Have I eaten meal?
• Has she learnt a lesson?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
that started in past and is continued until now.
• There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980,
for three hours etc” from which the action has been
started.
• A sense of time reference is found in these
sentences which gives an idea that action has been
continued from some time in past till now. because
it tells that action has started from a particular time
in past.

• (+) Subject + has/have + been + verb ”ing” + Object +
since/for + time.
• (-) Subject + has/have + not + been + verb ”ing” + Object
+ since/for + time.
• (?) Has/have + subject + been + verb ”ing” + Object +
since/for + time?

• Rules:
• “Since” or “for” is used before the “time reference”
in sentence.
• If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995,
4 O’clock then “since” is used before the time in
sentence.
• If the time reference is not exactly known such as
three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used
before the time in sentence.

• Examples.
• (+) It has been raining for three days.
• I have been living in America since 2003.
• (-) He has not been sowing the plants for two hours.
• I have not been studying since 3 O’clock.
• (?) Has he been watering the plants for two hours?
• Have you been studying since 3 O’clock?

• It is used to express an action that happened or
completed in past, usually a very little time before
speaking, or action which is just completed.
• Time of action is not specified in terms of long time
ago or short ago but it make a sense that the action
has done a little time ago.
PAST SIMPLE TENSE

SIMPLE PAST TENSE
formulas and examples for the Simple Past
Tense:
+ S + past form of verb + object + place + time
- S + DID NOT + main form of verb + O + P + T
? DID + S + main form of verb + O + P + T ?

PAST SIMPLE TENSE
• Example:
• (+) He gave me a gift
• They went to cinema.
• (-) He did not give me a gift
• They did not go to cinema.
• (?) Did I make a table?
• Did you answer correctly?

Normally…
•We add ‘ed’ to base form of verb to
make past form.
•We add ‘d’ to verbs ending in ‘e’.
Things to remember…

Add ‘ed’ or just add ‘d’
Remember:
If there is an ‘e’ already, there is no need to add another one.
jumped dancedplayed
play jump dance

• some times We add ‘t’ to base form
of verb to make past form.
learn
learnt
burn
burnt
smell
smelt

• Some verbs remain same.
cut
cut
put
put
shut
shut

• Some verbs are changed totally in a
different spelling.
go
went
sell
sold
come
came

On Monday, _____________________
They walk to
school
Past tense practice…

On Sunday, _____________________
I listen to
music

Yesterday, _____________________
I jump

Last week, ______________________
I dance at
school

Last year, ______________________
I laugh

There are 2 ending sounds
for past tense words…
‘-id’ ‘-d’

The ‘-id’ sound
‘-id’
only used for verbs ending
with a ‘t’ or ‘d’ sound
decided
invited
needed
planted
posted
shouted
started
tasted
visited
waited
wanted

The ‘-d’ sound
only used for verbs ending
in a voiced sound
moved
stayed
saved
cleaned
enjoyed
loved
closed
played
‘-d’
Voiced consonant sounds: b, v, g, z, j, th, l, m, n, r
You can feel a vibration when you put your fingers on your neck.

Past tense verbs – there is normally
no need for ‘was’ or ‘has’.
Which one is correct?
1. The robot has played last week
2.The robot played last week
3.The robot went to played last week
4.The robot was play last week
Was / has

Past Continuous Tense
We use the past continuous to say some
one was in the middle of doing something
at a certain time. The action or situation had
already started before that time.

Yesterday David and Jimmy played tennis. They
began at 10:00 and finished at 11:00
•What were they doing at
10:30?
(They were playing tennis at
10:30)
They were playing means that
they were in the middle of
playing tennis. They had started
playing, but they didn’t finished.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
in past, an ongoing action which occurred in past
and completed at some point in past.
• It expresses an ongoing nature of an action in past.
Past continuous tense is also called past
progressive.

• (+) Subject + was/were + verb “ing” + Object.
• (-) Subject + was/were + not + verb “ing” + Object.
• (?) Was/were + subject + verb “ing”+ Object?

• Examples
• (+) They were laughing at the joker.
• He was taking exam last month.
• (-) You were not waiting for him yesterday
• She was not working in a factory.
• (?) Was she working in a factory?
• Was it raining yesterday?

PAST PERFECT TENSE
• it is used to express an action which has
occurred in past (usually, a long time ago)
and action which has occurred in past before
another action in past.
For example,
• I had lived in America. (The sense of time in
this sentence refers to a completed action in
past and especially a long time ago)

PAST PERFECT TENSE
• (+) Subject + had + verb3 + Object.
• (-) Subject + had + not + verb3 + Object.
• (?) Had + subject + verb3+ Object?

PAST PERFECT TENSE
• Examples:
• (+) They had visited a doctor.
• I had finished my work last year.
• (-) He had not slept.
• I had not finished my work last year.
• (?) Had I finished my work last year?
• Had it rained heavily last month?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
• It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that
started in past and continued until sometime in past.
• There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for
three hours etc” from which the action had started. A
sense of time reference is found in these sentences to
show that action had started in past and continued till
some time in past.
• Such time reference or sense of reference is the identity
of Present perfect continuous tense because it tells that
action has started from a particular time in past or for
some time period.

• Note:
• If there is not time reference or sense of time
reference, then it is not Past perfect continuous
tense because there is no hint about the time of
action when it started in past or continued for some
time period, so it seems just an ongoing action in
past which resembles “past Continuous tense”.
• So the reference of time differentiates between
Past perfect continuous tense and past continuous
tense.

• Rules:
• “Since” or “for” is used before the “time
reference” in sentence.
• If the time reference is exactly known such as
1995, 4 O’clock then “since” is used before the
time in sentence.
• If the time reference is not exactly known such
as three hours, six years, four days, then “for”
is used before the time in sentence.

• (+) Subject + had + been + verb ”ing” + Object +
since/for + time.
• (-) Subject + had + not + been + verb ”ing” + Object
+ since/for + time.
• (?) Had + subject + been + verb ”ing” + Object +
since/for + time?

• Examples.
• (+) I had been living in America since 2003.
• He had been playing cricket for two hours.
• (-) I had not been waiting for him for one hour.
• She had not been playing chess since 7 O’clock.
• (?) Had I been waiting for him for one hour?
• Had she been playing chess 7 O’clock?

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
• It is used to express an action which has not
occurred yet and will occur after saying or in
future.
• These sentences express actions which will
be done in future.

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
• (+) Subject + shall/will + verb1 (base form) + Object.
• (-) Subject + shall/will + not + verb1 (base form) +
Object.
• (?) Shall/will + subject + verb1(base form)+ Object?

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
• Examples.
• (+) He will start a business.
• She will send me a letter.
• (-) I will not buy a computer tomorrow.
• They will not come here.
• (?) Will they buy a new car?
• Will the Pattern of exam change next year?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
• It is used to express a continued or an ongoing
action in future.
• For example, “I will be waiting for you tomorrow”, it
conveys ongoing nature of an action (waiting) which
will occur in future.

• (+) Subject + shall/will + be + verb “ing” + Object.
• (-) Subject + shall/ + not + be + verb “ing” + Object.
• (?) Shall/will + subject + be + verb “ing”+ Object?

• Examples.
• (+) We shall be shifting to a new home next year.
• He will be flying a kite.
• (-) I shall not be waiting for you.
• You will not be feeling well tomorrow.
• (?) Will she be enjoying her vacations?
• Will he be expecting honesty from his employees?

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
• It is used to express an action which will occur in
future and is thought to be completed in future.
• It expresses a sense of completion of an action
which will occur in future. For example, “John will
have gone tomorrow”. It shows a sense of
completion of an action (go) which will occur in
future (tomorrow).

• (+) Subject + shall/will + have + verb3 + Object.
• (-) Subject + shall/will + not + have + verb3 + Object.
• (?) Shall/will + subject + have + verb3+ Object?

• Examples
• (+) She will have finished the work by Tuesday.
• I shall have left for home.
• (-) You will not have started a job.
• You will not have made a new chair.
• (?) Will they have shifted to a new home?
• Will students have passed the examination?

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
• It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that
will start in future and is thought to be continued till
sometime in future.
• There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for
three hours” from which the action will start in future
and will continue. A sense of time reference is found
which gives an idea that action will start at some time in
future and will continue for some time.
• Such time reference or sense of time reference is the
identity of Future perfect continuous tense because it
tells that action will start at a particular time in future.

• (+) Subject + shall/will + have + been + verb ”ing” +
Object + since/for + time.
• (-) Subject +shall/will + not + have + been + verb ”ing” +
Object + since/for + time.
• (?) Shall/will + subject +have + been + verb ”ing” + Object
+ since/for + time ?

• Examples.
• (+) I will have been waiting for him for one hour.
• She will have been playing football since 20
• (-) He will not have been playing cricket for two hours.
• They will not have been watching television since
6 O’clock?
• (?) Will they have been watching television since
6 O’clock?
• Will she have been working in this office since 2007?

Main
Tense
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect
Continuous
Present Play (s)
Play
Do/does
Is / Am /
Are Playing
Has /
Have
Played
Has / Have
been Playing
s/f
Past Played
Did +play
Was / Were
Playing
Had
Played
Had been
Playing
Future Will / Shall
Play
Will / Shall
be Playing
Will /
Shall
Have
Played
Will / Shall
have been
Playing
Table Of Twelve Tenses
To play = base form

What are the verb tenses?
Verbs do a lot of work in sentences. They show
actions and states of being. They even take different
forms to show time.
flies
flew will fly

The tenses of verbs are formed from the four
principal parts of verbs.
Present Participle
Base Form
Past
Past Participle
smile choose
[is] smil [is] choos ing
smile d cho se
[have] smile d [have] cho sen
ing
What are the verb tenses?

Each tense has a progressive form, which is used
to express continuing action or state of being.
Present progressive am, are, is talking
Past progressive was, were talking
Future progressive will (shall) be talking
Present perfect progre. has, have been talking
Past perfect progre. had been talking
Future perfect progre. will (shall) have been
talking

[End of Section]
• Change the tense of the verb in each sentence, as
indicated in parentheses.
1. I do not miss the bus. (Change to future.)
2. Were they going at the party? (Change to past perfect.)
3. By then, Kirti had returned. (Change to future perfect.)
4. The team will practise for an hour with no break.
(Change to future perfect progressive.)
5. My sister dances well. (Change to past.)
On Your Own

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2. tenses

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2. tenses