Grammar

VerbProblems,[object Object],[object Object],1. Try to write as often as possible in the simple past tense.,[object Object],2. Read your writing aloud after you finish, and listen as well as look for errors.,[object Object]

Passivevoice:,[object Object],The use of the passive,[object Object],voice in expository,[object Object],prose slows down the,[object Object],sentence structure and,[object Object],causes the reader to,[object Object],tire easily.,[object Object]

Academicprose uses passive voice,[object Object],1. When the agent is unknown or unimportant:,[object Object], Example: My bike was stolen.,[object Object],2. To describe technical processes and to report research procedures and reports:,[object Object], Example: Choline and Vitamin B complex were administered to the rabbits; the effects of the elements on the animals were then observed.,[object Object], ,[object Object],3. When the agent is a victim: People often use passive voice to describe disaster. ,[object Object],Example: She was hit by a car.,[object Object]

Semicolons,[object Object],Rules for semicolons:,[object Object],1. A semicolon can be used only if two independent clauses exist. An independent clause is a complete sentence: a subject-predicate group that can function independently.,[object Object],Example: I like painting,[object Object], I am quite ignorant about the history of art.,[object Object],2. A semicolon may be used to join two independent clauses that are related.,[object Object], ,[object Object],Example: I like painting; I am quite ignorant about the history of art.,[object Object]

Rules for semicolons:,[object Object],3. In some cases, using a conjunctive adverb will make the sentence more coherent. Conjunctive adverbs can be considered long words:,[object Object],[object Object]

These long words usually come after, not before, the semicolon.

A comma usually follows these long words. ,[object Object],Example: I like painting; however, I am quite ignorant about the history of art.,[object Object], ,[object Object],4. A semicolon may not be used to join and independent clause to a dependent clause.,[object Object],Example: Because it is fun, I like painting.,[object Object], Dep. Clause Ind. Clause,[object Object]

Note: Coordinate conjunctions (which may be considered short words) – and, or, but, so, yet- cannot be used with semicolons. Example:I like painting; but I am quite ignorant about the history of art. (Incorrect)I like painting, but I am quite ignorant about the history of art. (Correct),[object Object]

Commas and coordinate conjunctions,[object Object],Rules,[object Object],1. Coordinate conjunctions are the short words:,[object Object],And for yet,[object Object], But or so,[object Object],2. Two complex sentences that are related in content may be joined by a comma plus short word.,[object Object], ,[object Object],Example: He was lazy, so he failed the class.,[object Object]

Rules,[object Object],3. With one complete sentence and one incomplete sentence, you will use only a short word.,[object Object],Example: He was lazy and enjoyed sleeping until noon.,[object Object],4. When joining two complete sentences with a comma, you may not use a long word (a conjunctive adverb). ,[object Object],Example: ,[object Object],He was lazy, however he passed the class. ( incorrect),[object Object],He was lazy; however he passed the class. (correct),[object Object]

Subordinating words,[object Object],Some words can change a complete sentence (an independent clause) into incomplete sentence (a dependent clause). These subordinating words include:,[object Object], ,[object Object],Although when after until,[object Object],Because while if unless,[object Object],Which before since,[object Object], ,[object Object],Example:,[object Object], We missed our flight to Missouri. Complete sentence.,[object Object], When we missed our flight to Missouri… Fragment.,[object Object], ,[object Object]

Subordinating words,[object Object],When you use a subordinating word, you must add a complete sentence to the information. This complete sentence may be added either before the dependent clause (incomplete sentence) or after it:,[object Object],Example:,[object Object], We were furious when we missed our flight to Missouri. Because he watched too much television, his wife divorced him.,[object Object]

Colons,[object Object],Rules:,[object Object],1. Use a colon to introduce and emphasize a series (three or more words or phrases) at the end of a sentence.,[object Object],Example: ,[object Object],I like three nutritious sandwiches: peanut butter and jelly, turkey and cranberry sauce, and egg salad.,[object Object], ,[object Object],2. Use a colon to emphasize a point. ,[object Object],Example: ,[object Object],He has a broken disability: a broken arm.,[object Object], ,[object Object]

Rules:,[object Object],3. Don’t use a colon unless what follows the colon directly modifies what comes before it.,[object Object],Example:,[object Object],I am impressed by one virtue: comparison. (Correct),[object Object],I am impressed by one virtue: others, however, are worth mentioning. (Incorrect),[object Object]

Quotation marks,[object Object],1. It’s used to indicate direct speech. The first word is capitalized and usually the final punctuation comes before the final quotation marks. ,[object Object], Example: He said, “Love is like flower.”,[object Object],A comma is used after the introductory phrase,[object Object],2. Tiles of articles and chapters in books. ,[object Object], Example: Stephen Frazier, in his article “The Masculine Mystique”,[object Object],Note: Titles of books and periodicals are usually underlined; in print they are italicized. ,[object Object]

Quotation marks,[object Object],3. Use ellipsis points to indicate that some of the words have been omitted. If you are only using part of a quotation,[object Object], ,[object Object],Example: In the article “What It Will Be Like If Women Win,” Gloria Steinem looks toward the feminist Utopia, and agrees that “… men might well feel freer and live longer”,[object Object],Note: The period comes before the quotation mark.,[object Object],4. Quotation marks can indicate a special word or a special phrase.,[object Object], ,[object Object], Example: “Disinterested” and “uninterested” can mean quite different things.,[object Object], ,[object Object]

Quotation marks,[object Object],5. A different quotation that is interrupted in the middle.,[object Object], ,[object Object],Example: “Women,”Riophe states, “have recently arrived at a new pride of ownership” (p.77).,[object Object], ,[object Object],6. A quotation within a quotation is surrounded by single quotation marks.,[object Object], ,[object Object],Example: Camille asked, “Have you read Chapter 8, ‘Library Research’?”,[object Object]

Parallel structure,[object Object],Parallelism is the repetition of grammatical structures can ,[object Object],be simple ( a repetition of single nouns ), or a complex (a ,[object Object],repetition of complete sentences structures). Whenever a ,[object Object],sentence contains two or more similar elements, these ,[object Object],elements must be kept parallel.,[object Object],Balance is always inherent in parallelism. This result is ,[object Object],rhythm within a paragraph that strengthens the coherence ,[object Object],and emphasizes the ideas.,[object Object],Examples:,[object Object],She was a woman who understoodchildren, who,[object Object],enjoyed housework , and who worshipped her husband.,[object Object],During spring break the student went to Oregon, to ,[object Object],California, andto Utah.,[object Object]

Sentence combining,[object Object], The unity and coherence of a paragraph depends primarily on organization and the use of rational thought. This can be strengthened in a paragraph by varying sentence structure: ,[object Object],[object Object]

Longer sentences are used for smoothness.

Parallel structures are used for rhythm. Sentence combining is not simply an exercise. It’s a skill to be learned and integrated with your writing style. ,[object Object]

Diction,[object Object], Diction will be effective only when the words you choose are appropriate for the audience and purpose. The use of a good dictionary and a thesaurus (a dictionary of synonyms) is essential for expanding your vocabulary and learning to use that new vocabulary correctly.,[object Object], Choice and use of words in speech or writing.,[object Object], A way of speaking, usually judged in terms of prevailing standards of pronunciation and elocution.,[object Object]

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