The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It commits developed countries to reduce their emissions to 10% below 1990 levels between 2008-2012. Key mechanisms to help countries meet their targets include international emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism between developed and developing countries, and Joint Implementation between developed countries. While many countries have ratified the protocol, major emitters like the US have not. Developing countries like China and India are not required to reduce emissions under the agreement.

1. KYOTO PROTOCOL Presented By Jibin M Varghese(PR10EE1002) Justin Baby(PR10EE1007) Shanthibhushan B(PR10EE1025) Manu N Govind(PR10EE1028) Ajeesh G(PR10EE1034)

3. The protocol commits that “Annex 1 countries” (developed countries) reduce their emissions to ten percent below 1990 levels.

6. Greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Natural Manmade Source: Kyoto Protocol- Annexure A

7. Per Capita CO2 Emitters

10. Kyoto Protocol Mechanism UNFCCC Kyoto protocol Allowance Based Project Based International Emission Trading (Between developed countries) Clean Development Mechanism (Developing & developed countries) Joint Implementation (Between developed countries) Assigned Amount Units (AAU) Carbon Reduction Units (CRU) Emission Reduction Units (ERU) UNFCCC:- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

11. International Emission Trading (IET) • Emissions trading (ET) is a mechanism that enables countries with legally binding emission targets to buy and sell emissions allowances among themselves • Each country has a certain number of emission allowances (amount of carbon dioxide it can emit) in line with its Kyoto reduction targets • The IET allows industrialized countries to trade their surplus credits on the international carbon credit market

13. Designed to provide developed countries with flexibility to meet GHG emission reduction targets that they agreed to achieve under the Protocol.

15. Joint Implementing Allows an Annex I country to claim credits for emissions reductions that arise from investment in another Annex I country. Joint implementation offers Parties a flexible and cost-efficient means of fulfilling a part of their Kyoto commitments, while the host Party benefits from foreign investment and technology transfer.

16. Climate Change Impact in India Rajasthan- Drought Rann of Kutch – sea level rise Mumbai-Salt water intrusion Kerala –Productivity of Forest Tamil Nadu-Coral bleaching Ganges – Sedimentation problem Sunderbans-Sea level raise Northwest India-reduction In rice yield

17. India’s potential • India – Non Annexure I country, has a large scope in emissions trading • India and china together contribute to $5 billion of the global carbon trade estimated at $30billion • It is one of the leading generators of CERs through CDM • Analysts forecast that its trading in carbon credits would touch US$ 100 billion by 2015 • Currently, the total registered CDM projects are more than 300, almost 1/3rd of the total CDM projects registered with the UNFCCC • The total issued CERs with India as a host country till now stand at around 34 million, again around 1/3rd of the total CERs issued by the UNFCCC

19. India ratified the Kyoto protocol

20. India has a National Action Plan on Climate ChangeNational Solar Mission National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem National Mission for a “ Green India” National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture National Mission on Strategic Mission on Climate Change

21. Conclusion The impacts of climate change are not evenly distributed – the poorest countries and people will suffer earliest and most. And if and when the damages appear it will be too late to reverse the process. Thus we are forced to look a long way ahead.

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