2. Nanotechnology refers to the fabrication of devices with atomic or molecular scale precision. “nano” comes from the Greek word nanos which means dwarf. nanometer is a billionth of a meter
3. Nanoscience is an interdisciplinary field that cuts across physics, biology , engineering, chemistry, computer science, and many more
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5. Greek philosopher Democritus and his teacher Leucippus thought “matter was composed of undividable particles called atomos
25. First European conferenceNASA begins work in computational nanotech. First nanobioconference
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27. 1999 First Nanomedicine book published First safety guidelinesCongressional hearings on proposed National Nanotechnology Initiative
28. 2000 President Clinton announces U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative First state research initiative: $100 million in California
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30. 2003 Congressional hearings on societal implicationsCall for balancing NNI research portfolioDrexler/Smalley debate is published in Chemical & Engineering News
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32. 2006 National Academies nanotechnology report calls for experimentation toward molecular manufacturingDevon Fanfair, Salil Desai, Christopher Kelty, The Early History of Nanotechnology<http://cnx.org/content/m14504/latest/>
33. Significance of Scaling Physical characteristics of miniaturized systems tend to vary a great deal from macroscale systems.
37. Agriculture Single molecule detection to determine enzyme/substrate interactions Nanocapsules for delivery of pesticides, fertilizers and otheragrichemicals more efficiently Delivery of growth hormones in a controlled manner Nanosensors for monitoring soil conditions and crop growth Nanochips for identity preservation and tracking
38. Agriculture Nanosensors for detection of animal and plant pathogens and about quarantine purposes Nanocapsules to deliver vaccines Nanoparticles to deliver DNA to plants in genetic engineering Nanosensors for monitoring plant microenvironment andits changes and in green house production of protected cultivation
39. Food Processing Nanocapsules to improve bioavailability of neutraceuticals in standard ingredients such as cooking oils Nanoencapsulatedflavor enhancers Nanotubes and nanoparticles as gelation and viscosifying agents Nanocapsule infusion of plant based steroids to replace a meal’s cholesterol
40. Food Processing Nanoparticles to selectively bind and remove chemicals or pathogens from food Nanoemulsions and nanoparticles for better availability and dispersion of nutrients Nanocapsules for protecting probioties in animal digestive tracts.
41. Food Packaging Antibodies attached to fluorescent nanoparticles to detect chemicals or food borne pathogens Biodegradable nanosensors for temperature, moisture and time monitoring Nanoclays and nanofilms as barrier materials to prevent spoilage and oxygen absorption Electrochemical nanosensors to detect ethylene
42. Food Packaging Antimicrobial and antifungal surface coatings with nanoparticles (silver, magnesium, zinc) Lighter, stronger and more heat resistant films with silicate nanoparticles Modified permeation behavior of foils
43. Supplements Nanosize powders to increase absorption of nutrients Cellulose nanocrystal composites as drug carrier Nanoencapsulation of neutrceuticals for better absorption, better stability or targeted delivery Nanocochleates to deliver nutrients more efficiently to cells without affecting color or taste of food Vitamin sprays dispersing active molecules into nanodroplets for better absorption Nanowerkdownloaded from <http://www.nanowerk.com/>
44. Biolabeling replacement of organic dyes used for staining biological cells (like bacteria) with fluorescent nanoparticles or quantum dots (QDs) like manganese doped zinc sulphide36,37 and cadmium selenide38. QDs arehighlyphotostable, have higher luminescence as compared to organic dyes.
45. Biolabeling replacement of organic dyes used for staining biological cells (like bacteria) with fluorescent nanoparticles or quantum dots (QDs) like manganese doped zinc sulphide36,37 and cadmium selenide38. QDs arehighlyphotostable, have higher luminescence as compared to organic dyes.
46. Biolabeling QDs have a broad absorption spectra and can be excited by a single source. Their emission spectra are narrow, symmetric and tunable according to the particle sizes and material composition of the QDs. Whaley P Molecular Probes labeling & Detection Tech, Invitrogen Corporation.
47. Precision farming long-desired goal to maximise output (i.e. crop yields) while minimising input (i.e. fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides, etc) through monitoring environmental variables and applying targeted action. makes use of computers, global satellite positioning systems, and remote sensing devices to measure highly localised environmental conditions thus determining whether crops are growing at maximum efficiency or precisely identifying the nature and location of problems.
48. Precision farming By using centralised data to determine soil conditions and plant development, seeding, fertilizer, chemical and water use can be fine-tuned to lower production costs and potentially increase production- all benefiting the farmer.15 help to reduce agricultural waste and thus keep environmental pollution to a minimum. Although not fully implemented yet, tiny sensors and monitoring systems enabled by nanotechnology will have a large impact on future precision farming methodologies. 15 Precision Agriculture: Changing the Face of Farming, Doug Rickman, J.C. Luvall, Joey Shaw, Paul Mask, David Kissel and Dana Sullivan
49. Photocatalysis19 Breakdown of organic fertilizers through light exposure 19 Pareek V and Adesina A A 2003 Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology Vol 1, 345.
50. Biotech nanotechnology Nanosensors utilising carbon nanotubes16 or nano-cantilevers17 are small enough to trap and measure individual proteins or even small molecules. Nanoparticles or nanosurfaces can be engineered to trigger an electrical or chemical signal in the presence of a contaminant such as bacteria. Other nanosensors work by triggering an enzymatic reaction or by using nanoengineered branching molecules called dendrimers as probes to bind to target chemicals and proteins Carbon nanotubes are rolled sheets of graphite that are hollow and a few nm in diameter, but can be several micrometres (or more) long. 17 Cantilevers are micro-scaled structures that can be modified to bind specific chemicals. Binding causes the cantilever to bend (much like a diving board), and this movement is detected optically or electronically. 18 Down on the farm, ETC group, 2004: http://www.etcgroup.org/documents/ETC_DOTFarm2004.pdf
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60. Nanoresearch in UPLB: Physics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, CAS K.S.A. Revelar. An Investigation on the Morphological and Antimicrobial Properties of Electrospun Silver Nanoparticle-Functionalized Polyvinyl Chloride Nanofiber Membranes. IMSP, UPLB. April 2010. Undergraduate Thesis, Adviser: EAFlorido. Co-Adviser: R.B.Opulencia A.O.Advincula. Effect of varying Areas of Parallel Plates on Fiber Diameter of Electrospun Polyvinyl Chloride. IMSP, UPLB. April 2010. Undergraduate Thesis, Adviser: EAFlorido H.P.Halili. Effect of Solution Viscosity and Needle Diameter on Fiber Diameter of ElectrospunPolycaprolactone. IMSP, UPLB. October 2010. Undergraduate Thesis, Adviser: EAFlorido. Co-Adviser: J.I.B. Zerrudo
61. J.C.M. La Rosa. Effects of Variation of Distance Between Needle Tip and Collector On the Fabrication of Polyaniline (PANI)-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Blend Nanofibers. IMSP, UPLB. April 2009. Undergraduate Thesis, Co-Adviser: EAFlorido M.J.P.Gamboa. The Effects of Viscosity on the Morphological Characteristics of ElectrospunPolyaniline-Polyvinyl Acetate (PAni-PVAc) Nanofibers. IMSP, UPLB. April 2009. Undergraduate Thesis, Co-Adviser: EAFlorido J.I.B. Zerrudo, E.A. Florido, M.R. Amada, Fabrication of PolycaprolactoneNanofibers through Electrospinning, Proceedings of the SamahangPisikangPilipinas, ISSN 1656-2666, vol. 5,October 22-24, 2008.
62. J.I.B. Zerrudo, E.A. Florido, M.R. Amada, B.A.Basilia, Fabrication of Polycaprolactone/Polyehtylene Oxide Nanofibers through Electrospinning, Proceedings of the SamahangPisikangPilipinas, ISSN 1656-2666, vol. 5,October 22-24, 2008. B.J.Garcia. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Electrospun Polyvinyl chloride-PolyanilineNanofibers. IMSP, UPLB. April 2009. Undergraduate Thesis, Adviser: EAFlorido J.D. Diego. Electrospinning of Polyaniline and Polyaniline/Polyester Based Fibers. IMSP, UPLB. November 2006.Undergraduate Thesis, Adviser: EAFlorido
68. nanoencapsulation of fortified phytosterols- reduce cholesterol intake by 14% Source: Tip Top Bakery, Australia Source: Shemen Industries, Israel
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70. Supplement to increase wetness and absorptionSource: www.sprayforlife.com, BASF, The Chemical Company
71. Nano Composites Lighter and stronger Minimizes loss of CO2 from Beer Nano food-packaging film (Bayer Polymer Inc) Nanoclay particle based Beer Bottle (Nanocor Inc)
72. NanoBioluminescence Detection Spray Nanoengineered luminescent protein emits a visible glow to the surface of Salmonella and E.Coli Source: AgroMicron Ltd.
73. Lab in a Pea Pod Chip for Quality Analysis Protein Lab Chip Source: Sandia National Laboratories, USA; CSIRO, Australia; Agilent Technologies
78. Nano Chicken Feed - polystyrene nanoparticles bind with bacteria to chickens as alternative to chemical antibiotics Source: Biofactors Journal, 2001 Altair Nanotechnologies Ltd
84. Smart Dust Potential Applications: Monitoring humidity, temperature in the environment Detecting onset of food spoilage and food freshness Monitor soil conditions and crop growth for precision farming Source: University of California, Berkeley
94. Little is known about how the particles interact with the environment and human body?
95. Nanoparticles might ferry toxins right past the body's normal defense
96. Royal Society (UK): Nanotechnology pose health and environmental risks great enough to justify banning (Washington Post 7/30/04)
97. ETC Group: : “Horrendous social and environmental risks”;.
98. Nano No - No ?? Potential unforeseen risks More safety data needed before using nanotechnology in agriculture Concerns over the use and consumers safety Ethical Issues ETC Group and Government Agencies
