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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 5
The Skeletal System
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Slide 5.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Parts of the skeletal system
• Bones (skeleton)
• Joints
• Cartilages
• Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
• Divided into two divisions
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
Skeletal system 2
Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones
Slide 5.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation
Bones of the Human BodyBones of the Human Body
Slide 5.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue
•Compact bone
• Homogeneous
•Spongy bone
• Small needle-like
pieces of bone
• Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.4aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Long bones
•Typically longer than wide
•Have a shaft with heads at both ends
•Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.4bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Short bones
•Generally cube-shape
•Contain mostly spongy bone
•Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Classification of Bones on theClassification of Bones on the
Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape
Slide 5.4cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.5aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Flat bones
•Thin and flattened
•Usually curved
•Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
•Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.5bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Irregular bones
•Irregular shape
•Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
•Example: Vertebrae and hip
Classification of Bones on theClassification of Bones on the
Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape
Slide 5.5cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
Gross Anatomy of a Long BoneGross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Slide 5.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Diaphysis
•Shaft
•Composed of
compact bone
• Epiphysis
•Ends of the bone
•Composed mostly of
spongy bone Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Periosteum
• Outside covering of
the diaphysis
• Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
• Sharpey’s fibers
• Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
• Arteries
• Supply bone cells
with nutrients
Figure 5.2c
Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.8aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articular cartilage
•Covers the
external surface of
the epiphyses
•Made of hyaline
cartilage
•Decreases friction
at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.8bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Medullary cavity
•Cavity of the shaft
•Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat)
in adults
•Contains red marrow
(for blood cell
formation) in infants Figure 5.2a
Bone Markings - Page 119Bone Markings - Page 119
Slide 5.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Surface features of bones
• Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,
and ligaments
• Passages for nerves and blood vessels
• Categories of bone markings
• Projections and processes – grow out from the
bone surface
• Depressions or cavities – indentations
Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osteon (Haversian System)
• A unit of bone
• Central (Haversian) canal
• Opening in the center of an osteon
• Carries blood vessels and nerves
• Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
• Canal perpendicular to the central canal
• Carries blood vessels and nerves
Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.3
Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lacunae
• Cavities containing
bone cells
(osteocytes)
• Arranged in
concentric rings
• Lamellae
• Rings around the
central canal
• Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3
Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Canaliculi
•Tiny canals
•Radiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
•Form a transport
system
Figure 5.3
Changes in the Human SkeletonChanges in the Human Skeleton
Slide 5.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
• During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in isolated areas
• Bridge of the nose
• Parts of ribs
• Joints
Bone GrowthBone Growth
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long
bone during childhood
•New cartilage is continuously formed
•Older cartilage becomes ossified
•Cartilage is broken down
•Bone replaces cartilage
Bone GrowthBone Growth
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bones are remodeled and lengthened
until growth stops
•Bones change shape somewhat
•Bones grow in width
Long Bone Formation and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.4a
Types of Bone CellsTypes of Bone Cells
Slide 5.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts
• Bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts
• Bone-destroying cells
• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
• Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone FracturesBone Fractures
Slide 5.16Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures
• Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
• Realignment of the bone
Common Types of FracturesCommon Types of Fractures
Slide 5.17Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 5.2
Repair of Bone FracturesRepair of Bone Fractures
Slide 5.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
• Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a callus
• Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
• Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
Stages in the Healing of a BoneStages in the Healing of a Bone
FractureFracture
Slide 5.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.5
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Forms the longitudinal part of the body
• Divided into three parts
•Skull
•Vertebral column
•Bony thorax
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.6
The SkullThe Skull
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Two sets of bones
•Cranium
•Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures
• Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint
The SkullThe Skull
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.7
Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
Slide 5.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.11
Human Skull, Superior ViewHuman Skull, Superior View
Slide 5.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.8
Human Skull, Inferior ViewHuman Skull, Inferior View
Slide 5.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.9
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Functions of paranasal sinuses
• Lighten the skull
• Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone
Slide 5.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The only bone that
does not articulate
with another bone
• Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
Figure 5.12
The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The fetal skull is
large compared
to the infants
total body length
Figure 5.13
The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fontanelles –
fibrous membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
• Allow the brain
to grow
• Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
Figure 5.13
The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column
Slide 5.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
• The spine has a
normal curvature
• Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location Figure 5.14
Structure of a Typical VertebraeStructure of a Typical Vertebrae
Slide 5.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.16
The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs
Figure 5.19a
The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Made-up of
three parts
•Sternum
•Ribs
•Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Limbs (appendages)
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.6c
The Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Slide 5.33Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Composed of two bones
•Clavicle – collarbone
•Scapula – shoulder blade
• These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.20a, b
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The arm is
formed by a
single bone
•Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The hand
•Carpals – wrist
•Metacarpals –
palm
•Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22
Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle
Slide 5.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hip bones
• Composed of three pair of fused bones
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubic bone
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
• Protects several organs
• Reproductive organs
• Urinary bladder
• Part of the large intestine
The PelvisThe Pelvis
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23a
Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The thigh has
one bone
•Femur – thigh
bone
Figure 5.35a, b
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The leg has
two bones
•Tibia
•Fibula
Figure 5.35c
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The foot
•Tarsus – ankle
•Metatarsals –
sole
•Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25
JointsJoints
Slide 5.43Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articulations of bones
• Functions of joints
•Hold bones together
•Allow for mobility
• Ways joints are classified
•Functionally
•Structurally
Functional Classification of JointsFunctional Classification of Joints
Slide 5.44Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Synarthroses – immovable joints
• Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
joints
• Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Structural Classification of JointsStructural Classification of Joints
Slide 5.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fibrous joints
•Generally immovable
• Cartilaginous joints
•Immovable or slightly moveable
• Synovial joints
•Freely moveable
Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints
Slide 5.46Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bones united by fibrous tissue –
synarthrosis or largely immovable.
Figure 5.27d, e
Cartilaginous Joints – mostlyCartilaginous Joints – mostly
amphiarthrosisamphiarthrosis
Slide 5.47Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bones connected by cartilage
• Examples
•Pubic
symphysis
•Intervertebral
joints
Figure 5.27b, c
Synovial JointsSynovial Joints
Slide 5.48Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articulating
bones are
separated by a
joint cavity
• Synovial fluid
is found in the
joint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h
Features of Synovial Joints-Features of Synovial Joints-
DiarthrosesDiarthroses
Slide 5.49Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones
• Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule
• Have a joint cavity filled with synovial
fluid
• Ligaments reinforce the joint
Structures Associated with theStructures Associated with the
Synovial JointSynovial Joint
Slide 5.50Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
• Lined with synovial membranes
• Filled with synovial fluid
• Not actually part of the joint
• Tendon sheath
• Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
The Synovial JointThe Synovial Joint
Slide 5.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.28
Types of Synovial Joints Based onTypes of Synovial Joints Based on
ShapeShape
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29a–c
Types of Synovial Joints Based onTypes of Synovial Joints Based on
ShapeShape
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29d–f
Inflammatory ConditionsInflammatory Conditions
Associated with JointsAssociated with Joints
Slide 5.53Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
• Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
• Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
• Over 100 different types
• The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osteoarthritis
• Most common chronic arthritis
• Probably related to normal aging processes
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
• Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
• Often leads to deformities
Skeletal system 2
Skeletal system 2
Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Gouty Arthritis
•Inflammation of joints is caused by a
deposition of urate crystals from the blood
•Can usually be controlled with diet
Skeletal system 2

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Skeletal system 2

  • 1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 5 The Skeletal System
  • 2. The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System Slide 5.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Parts of the skeletal system • Bones (skeleton) • Joints • Cartilages • Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle) • Divided into two divisions • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
  • 4. Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones Slide 5.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Support of the body • Protection of soft organs • Movement due to attached skeletal muscles • Storage of minerals and fats • Blood cell formation
  • 5. Bones of the Human BodyBones of the Human Body Slide 5.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The skeleton has 206 bones • Two basic types of bone tissue •Compact bone • Homogeneous •Spongy bone • Small needle-like pieces of bone • Many open spaces Figure 5.2b
  • 6. Classification of BonesClassification of Bones Slide 5.4aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Long bones •Typically longer than wide •Have a shaft with heads at both ends •Contain mostly compact bone • Examples: Femur, humerus
  • 7. Classification of BonesClassification of Bones Slide 5.4bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Short bones •Generally cube-shape •Contain mostly spongy bone •Examples: Carpals, tarsals
  • 8. Classification of Bones on theClassification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape Slide 5.4cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1
  • 9. Classification of BonesClassification of Bones Slide 5.5aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Flat bones •Thin and flattened •Usually curved •Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone •Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
  • 10. Classification of BonesClassification of Bones Slide 5.5bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Irregular bones •Irregular shape •Do not fit into other bone classification categories •Example: Vertebrae and hip
  • 11. Classification of Bones on theClassification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape Slide 5.5cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1
  • 12. Gross Anatomy of a Long BoneGross Anatomy of a Long Bone Slide 5.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Diaphysis •Shaft •Composed of compact bone • Epiphysis •Ends of the bone •Composed mostly of spongy bone Figure 5.2a
  • 13. Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone Slide 5.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Periosteum • Outside covering of the diaphysis • Fibrous connective tissue membrane • Sharpey’s fibers • Secure periosteum to underlying bone • Arteries • Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c
  • 14. Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone Slide 5.8aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Articular cartilage •Covers the external surface of the epiphyses •Made of hyaline cartilage •Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a
  • 15. Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone Slide 5.8bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Medullary cavity •Cavity of the shaft •Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults •Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a
  • 16. Bone Markings - Page 119Bone Markings - Page 119 Slide 5.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Surface features of bones • Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments • Passages for nerves and blood vessels • Categories of bone markings • Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface • Depressions or cavities – indentations
  • 17. Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Osteon (Haversian System) • A unit of bone • Central (Haversian) canal • Opening in the center of an osteon • Carries blood vessels and nerves • Perforating (Volkman’s) canal • Canal perpendicular to the central canal • Carries blood vessels and nerves
  • 18. Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.3
  • 19. Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Lacunae • Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) • Arranged in concentric rings • Lamellae • Rings around the central canal • Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3
  • 20. Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Canaliculi •Tiny canals •Radiate from the central canal to lacunae •Form a transport system Figure 5.3
  • 21. Changes in the Human SkeletonChanges in the Human Skeleton Slide 5.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage • During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone • Cartilage remains in isolated areas • Bridge of the nose • Parts of ribs • Joints
  • 22. Bone GrowthBone Growth SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood •New cartilage is continuously formed •Older cartilage becomes ossified •Cartilage is broken down •Bone replaces cartilage
  • 23. Bone GrowthBone Growth SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops •Bones change shape somewhat •Bones grow in width
  • 24. Long Bone Formation and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.4a
  • 25. Types of Bone CellsTypes of Bone Cells Slide 5.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Osteocytes • Mature bone cells • Osteoblasts • Bone-forming cells • Osteoclasts • Bone-destroying cells • Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium • Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
  • 26. Bone FracturesBone Fractures Slide 5.16Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • A break in a bone • Types of bone fractures • Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin • Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin • Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization • Realignment of the bone
  • 27. Common Types of FracturesCommon Types of Fractures Slide 5.17Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 5.2
  • 28. Repair of Bone FracturesRepair of Bone Fractures Slide 5.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed • Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus • Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus • Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
  • 29. Stages in the Healing of a BoneStages in the Healing of a Bone FractureFracture Slide 5.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.5
  • 30. The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Forms the longitudinal part of the body • Divided into three parts •Skull •Vertebral column •Bony thorax
  • 31. The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.6
  • 32. The SkullThe Skull SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Two sets of bones •Cranium •Facial bones • Bones are joined by sutures • Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
  • 33. The SkullThe Skull SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.7
  • 34. Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull Slide 5.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.11
  • 35. Human Skull, Superior ViewHuman Skull, Superior View Slide 5.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.8
  • 36. Human Skull, Inferior ViewHuman Skull, Inferior View Slide 5.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.9
  • 37. Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Figure 5.10
  • 38. Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Functions of paranasal sinuses • Lighten the skull • Give resonance and amplification to voice Figure 5.10
  • 39. The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone Slide 5.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The only bone that does not articulate with another bone • Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Figure 5.12
  • 40. The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length Figure 5.13
  • 41. The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones • Allow the brain to grow • Convert to bone within 24 months after birth Figure 5.13
  • 42. The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column Slide 5.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs • The spine has a normal curvature • Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14
  • 43. Structure of a Typical VertebraeStructure of a Typical Vertebrae Slide 5.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.16
  • 44. The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a
  • 45. The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Made-up of three parts •Sternum •Ribs •Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a
  • 46. The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Limbs (appendages) • Pectoral girdle • Pelvic girdle
  • 47. The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.6c
  • 48. The Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Slide 5.33Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Composed of two bones •Clavicle – collarbone •Scapula – shoulder blade • These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
  • 49. Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.20a, b
  • 50. Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The arm is formed by a single bone •Humerus Figure 5.21a, b
  • 51. Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The forearm has two bones • Ulna • Radius Figure 5.21c
  • 52. Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The hand •Carpals – wrist •Metacarpals – palm •Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22
  • 53. Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle Slide 5.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Hip bones • Composed of three pair of fused bones • Ilium • Ischium • Pubic bone • The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis • Protects several organs • Reproductive organs • Urinary bladder • Part of the large intestine
  • 54. The PelvisThe Pelvis SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23a
  • 55. Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23c
  • 56. Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The thigh has one bone •Femur – thigh bone Figure 5.35a, b
  • 57. Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The leg has two bones •Tibia •Fibula Figure 5.35c
  • 58. Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs Slide 5.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The foot •Tarsus – ankle •Metatarsals – sole •Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25
  • 59. JointsJoints Slide 5.43Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Articulations of bones • Functions of joints •Hold bones together •Allow for mobility • Ways joints are classified •Functionally •Structurally
  • 60. Functional Classification of JointsFunctional Classification of Joints Slide 5.44Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Synarthroses – immovable joints • Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints • Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
  • 61. Structural Classification of JointsStructural Classification of Joints Slide 5.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Fibrous joints •Generally immovable • Cartilaginous joints •Immovable or slightly moveable • Synovial joints •Freely moveable
  • 62. Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints Slide 5.46Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable. Figure 5.27d, e
  • 63. Cartilaginous Joints – mostlyCartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosisamphiarthrosis Slide 5.47Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Bones connected by cartilage • Examples •Pubic symphysis •Intervertebral joints Figure 5.27b, c
  • 64. Synovial JointsSynovial Joints Slide 5.48Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity • Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.27f–h
  • 65. Features of Synovial Joints-Features of Synovial Joints- DiarthrosesDiarthroses Slide 5.49Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones • Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule • Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid • Ligaments reinforce the joint
  • 66. Structures Associated with theStructures Associated with the Synovial JointSynovial Joint Slide 5.50Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs • Lined with synovial membranes • Filled with synovial fluid • Not actually part of the joint • Tendon sheath • Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
  • 67. The Synovial JointThe Synovial Joint Slide 5.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.28
  • 68. Types of Synovial Joints Based onTypes of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.29a–c
  • 69. Types of Synovial Joints Based onTypes of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.29d–f
  • 70. Inflammatory ConditionsInflammatory Conditions Associated with JointsAssociated with Joints Slide 5.53Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction • Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths • Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints • Over 100 different types • The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
  • 71. Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Osteoarthritis • Most common chronic arthritis • Probably related to normal aging processes • Rheumatoid arthritis • An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints • Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints • Often leads to deformities
  • 74. Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Gouty Arthritis •Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood •Can usually be controlled with diet