Introduces the unit and the philosophical, theoretical and historical context of psychological understanding and investigation of motivation and emotion.
3. 3
Outline
Based on Reeve (2015, Ch 1, p. 1)
Motivation & emotion
● Definitions
● Key questions
Motivation theory & science
Framework
Unifying themes
Solving practical problems
4. 4
Motivation and emotion:
Key questions
Theory
Why do we do
what we do?
+
Why do we feel
the way we feel?
Practice
How can we change
what we do?
+
How can we change
what we feel?
5. 5
Motivation and emotion:
Etymology
Image source:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Running_Samburu_Boy.jpg
"motivation"
and
“emotion”
have a common root
in the Latin verb:
movere
(to move)
6. 6
Motivation and emotion:
Scientific process
Reality
(In all its complexity)
Applications;
Recommendations
(How to support and
enhance motivation and
emotion in applied settings)
Theory
(Created by
psychologists)
Hypo-
theses
(Derived from
theory)
Data
(To test the adequacy
of each hypothesis)
Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.1
Representation
Application
8. 8
Motivation:
Energy + Direction
Motivation = processes that give
behaviour energy and direction.
Energy (Strength):
Behaviour's strength, intensity, and
persistence.
Direction (Purpose):
Behaviours aim to achieve particular
purposes or goals.
9. 9
Motivational theory example:
Reasons to exercise
Based on Reeve (2015), Table 1.1
Why exercise? Source of motivation
Fun, enjoyment Intrinsic motivation
Personal challenge Flow
Forced to do so External regulation
Accomplish a goal Goal
Health benefits Value
Inspired to do so Possible self
Pursuit of a standard of excellence Achievement strivings
Satisfaction from a job well done Perceived competence
An emotion kick Opponent process
Good mood Positive afffect
Alleviate guilt Introjection
Relieve stress Personal control
Hang out with friends Relatedness
10. 10
Motivation:
Perennial questions
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-9)
What causes
behaviour?
“Why did she do that?”
“Why do people do what they
do?”
?
Why does
behaviour vary in
its intensity?
“Why does a person behave one
way in a particular situation at one
time yet behave in a different way
at another time?”
“What are the motivational
differences among individuals, and
how do such differences arise?”
11. 11
Motivation:
Specific questions that constitute the core
problems to be solved in motivation study
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-7)
Image source:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_hand_handstand.jpg,
CC-by-SA 3.0
1.What starts behaviour?
2.Why is behaviour sustained over time?
3.Why is behaviour directed towards
some goals yet away from others?
4.Why does behaviour change its
direction?
5.Why does behaviour stop?
12. 12
Motivation:
Sources
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.2, p. 9)
Antecedent conditions
• External events
• Social contexts
Internal motives
Needs Cognitions Emotions
Energised, goal-directed, and persistent
(motivated) action
13. 13
Expressions of motivation
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 12-15)
Behaviour
Physiology
&
brain
activations
Engage-
ment
Self-report
Motivation cannot be directly measured;
but expressions of motivation can be measured.
15. 15
Expressions of motivation:
Engagement
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.3, p. 13)
.
Extent of
engagement
Behaviour Emotion Cognition Agency
• On-task behaviour
• Effort
• Persistence
• Presence of
interest, enjoyment,
enthusiasm
• Absence of
distress, anger,
anxiety, frustration
●
Using sophisticated
learning strategies
●
Seeking conceptual
understanding rather
than surface
knowledge
●
Self-regulation, such
as planning
• Contributing
constructively into
and changing the
environment for the
better
• Asking questions
• Expressing
preferences
17. 17
Expressions of motivation:
Self-report
Based on Reeve (2015, p. 15)
People can typically self-report the
nature of their motivation
(e.g., via interview or questionnaire).
But there can be a lack of
correspondence between what
people say their motivations are and
their behavioural and physiological
expressions
(unconscious motivation).
18. 18
Framework for understanding and
studying motivation
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.4, p. 16)
Antecedent
conditions
●
Environmental
events
●
Social contexts
Motive
status
Energising,
directing, and
sustaining:
• Behaviour
• Enagement
• Brain activity
• Psychophysiology
• Self-report
Changes in
life outcomes:
• Performance
• Achievement
• Learning
• Adjustment
• Skill, talent
• Well-being
Needs Cognitions Emotions
19. 19
Motivation themes
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 16-25)
Motivation
benefits
adaptation.
Motives direct
attention.
Motive strengths
vary over time and
influence the
stream of
behaviour.
Types of
motivation
exist.
Motivating
others requires
effort to be
successful.
To flourish,
motivation needs
supportive
conditions.
There is nothing
so practical as a
good theory.
Motives are
intervening
variables.
We are not
always
consciously
aware of
motives.
Motivation study
reveals what
people want.
20. 20
Motives vary over time & influence
the ongoing stream of behaviour
Based on Reeve (2009, Table 1.4, p. 15)
Motivation is a dynamic process (always changing, always
rising and falling) rather than a discrete event or static condition.
e.g., motives influencing behaviour of a student sitting at a desk
Note: The number of asterisks in column 4 represents the intensity of the aroused motive. One asterisk
denotes the lowest intensity level, while five asterisks denote the highest intensity level.
21. 21
Stream of behaviour and
changes in the strength of its
underlying motives
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.6, p. 20)
22. 22
Using motivational theories
to solve practical problems
Based on Reeve (2009, p. 22)
Practical
problem
Given what I know about
human motivation & emotion
Proposed solution/
intervention, if any
a
e.g.,
• Student dropout
• Mediocre
performance
• Theories
• Empirical findings
• Practical experience
• How likely is it
that an intervention
will have positive
benefits?
• Do no harm
23. 23
Understanding
the motivational agent
Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)
• What is the behavioural phenomena?
• What is its opposite?
• Where does it come from?
• Is it malleable or fixed?
• What does it related to, or predict?
Identifying the motivational agent underlying the practical problem
(e.g., goals, efficacy, or helplessness)
24. 24
Theoretical understanding of
the problem to be solved
Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)
• What is the model? (theory)
• How does it work? (diagram?)
• What causes the behavioural
phenomena to change? Under what
conditions?
• What causes high and low levels of
the behaviour?
25. 25
Some ways to get a better overview
of motivation and emotion
Read the 17 Reeve (2015) chapter
summaries.
Look through other motivation and
emotion textbooks in the library.
Check out articles in the peer reviewed
journal, “Motivation and Emotion”.
Explore the previous (2010-2015) books
on Wikiversity.
26. 26
Summary
Key questions:
Why do we do what we do, feel what we feel,
and how can this be changed?
Motivation and emotion have a common
etymological and theoretical root – to move
Motivation is a dynamic process which
combines the external environmental context
and interval motive status (needs, cognitions,
and emotions) to give energy and direction to
motivation as indicated by behaviour,
engagement, neurological and physiological
activations, and self-report.
27. 27
References
Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation
and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation
and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
28. 28
Open Office Impress
This presentation was made using
Open Office Impress.
Free and open source software.
http://www.openoffice.org/product/impress.html
This presentation was made using
Open Office Impress.
Free and open source software.
http://www.openoffice.org/product/impress.html
Notas do Editor
This lecture:
introduces the psychological study of motivation and emotion and key conceptual frameworks.
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_gemma_and_mehmet.jpg
Image by: Mehmet Karatay, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Mehmet_Karatay
Image license: GFDL, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License
Acknowledgements: This lecture is based in part on Reeve (2009) .
Wednesday 9 August, 2017, 13:30-15:30, 12B2
7124-6665 Motivation and Emotion / G
Centre for Applied Psychology
Faculty of Health
University of Canberra
Bruce, ACT 2601, Australia
ph: +61 2 6201 2536
[email_address]
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion
Key question prompter
Hand out 2 blank business cards to each participant
Invite participants to write each of the key questions on one side on the business cards.
Keep these 2 cards in your wallet/purse/phone case/or stick to the bathroom mirror for the semester, so that you are regularly prompted to ponder these two central questions during semester (flip them over from time to time)
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Running_Samburu_Boy.jpg
Image author: Erik (HASH) Hersman, http://www.flickr.com/people/18288598@N00
Image license: CC by A 2.0, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic
Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.1 Illustration of a Theory
Motivation is concerned with the processes that give behavior its energy and direction.
Four processes are capable of giving behaviour its energy and direction.
Based on Reeve (2009), Table 1.2 Seven behavioural expressions of motivation and emotion
Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.3 Four Interrelated Aspects of Engagement.
Based on Reeve (2015), Table 1.3. Five Psychophysiological Expressions of Motivation and Emotion
Brain activityActivation of brain structures such as the amygdala (fear) or prefrontal cortex (setting goals).
Hormonal activityChemicals in saliva or blood, such as cortisol (stress) or catecholamines (fight‑or‑flight reaction).
Cardiovascular Contraction and relaxation of the heart and blood vessels
activity (attractive incentives, difficult/challenging tasks).
Ocular activityEye behavior—pupil size (extent of mental activity), eye blinks (changing cognitive states), and eye movements (reflective thought).
Electrodermal Electrical changes on the surface of the skin (expression of threat activity or stimulus significance).
Skeletal activityActivity of the musculature, as with facial expressions (specific emotion) and bodily gestures (desire to leave).