The aim of this undergraduate social psychology lecture is to introduce and discuss the psychology of groups and leadership.

19. Yerkes-Dodson Law Arousal Performance Optimal arousal: Difficult task Optimal arousal: Easy task

20. Zajonc’s Drive Theory of Social Facilitation (1965) Presence of others Arousal  in performing dominant responses If correct If incorrect Social facilitation Social inhibition Mere physical presence of others leads to arousal, motivating performance of dominant response (best learned, most habitual).

22. Fig. 14-2, p. 487

24. Pool Hall Study (Michaels et al., 1982): Novice 30% Expert 70% % of shots made

26. Evaluation Apprehension Model (Cottrell, 1972) Experimental Condition Time taken (seconds) Alone Mere presence Evaluation apprehension 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75        Easy task Difficult task

28. Distraction-conflict theory Individual performing a task Presence of audience or coactors Tendency to pay attention to task Tendency to pay attention to audience or coactors Attentional conflict  d arousal/drive Social facilitation effects

30. The Hawthorne Effect People who know that they are being observed modify their behavior not only consciously but also unconsciously .

34. Reduction in volume of individual shout in 2-person & 6-person real & pseudo-groups 0 20 40 60 80 100 Group size (persons) Percentage reduction in individual shout 1 2 3 4 5 6        Real groups Pseudo groups ………………………………… .. Potential performance Coordination loss Motivation loss,  d effort, social loafing

46. Trick or Treat Study % Who took extra

52. The prisoner’s dilemma 5 years each A free B 10 years A Betrays A 10 years B free 6 months each A Stays Silent B Betrays B Stays Silent

104. Evolution of Leadership Theory

117. The Continuum of Leadership Behavior (Tannenbaum, 1974) AUTOCRAT DEMOCRAT PUSH Tells Sells [Tests] Consults Joins PULL Boss Employee

124. Transactional & Transformational Leadership As a transactional leader, I use formal rewards & punishments. As a transformational leader, I inspire and excite followers to high levels of performance.