AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students

1. L-6
Effects of air pollution on
human health (Part -I)
Air Pollution and Control
(Elective-I)
1

2. Contents of Unit-III
Unito L-6 Effect of different air pollutants on man
o L-7 Effect of different air pollutants on man
(continued)
o L-8 Animals, vegetation, property, aesthetic
value and visibility
o Air pollution episodes
o L- 9 and L-11Global effects of air pollution1. Global warming
2. Ozone depletion
3. Acid rain
4. Heat island effect.
2

3. COMMON RESPIRATORY DISEASES
RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION
3

4. Human respiratory system
4

5. 5

6. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
oChronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) which encompasses
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
is one of the commonest
respiratory disease..
6

7. oIn the western world, COPD is
probably the fourth commonest
cause of death in middle aged to
elderly men after ischemic heart
disease, lung cancer and
cardiovascular disease.
o According to 'Dutch Hypothesis',
asthma, emphysema and chronic
bronchitis are different
manifestations of a single disease
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8. 8

9. oBronchitis
oBronchitis is a type of swelling in the
bronchial tubes which are the air
passages leading from the windpipe to
the lungs. When these passages become
clogged with thick mucus that prevent
air from flowing freely to and from the
lungs the body's natural reflex is to try
to cough up this mucus to clear the
airways.
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10. o Acute Bronchitis
oAcute bronchitis is usually a short,
severe illness that may show up along
with cold or follow other viral infections
such as measles or whooping cough.
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11. o Chronic Bronchitis
oChronic bronchitis is a long term, serious
condition characterized by frequent
coughing and mucus production and
often happens along with another lung
disease called emphysema. In severe
cases, when the bronchial tubes become
narrowed and clogged with mucous, the
resulting lack of oxygen in the blood
may give the skin a bluish colour
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12. o Emphysema
oEmphysema is a condition in which
there is over inflation of structure in the
lungs known as alveoli or air sacs. This
over inflation results from a breakdown
of the walls of the alveoli, which causes
a decrease in respiratory function and
often breathlessness. Early symptoms of
emphysema include shortness of breath
and cancer.
12

13. oEmphysema begins with the destruction
of air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs where
oxygen from the air is exchanged for
carbon dioxide in the blood. The walls of
the air sacs are thin and fragile. Damage
to the air sacs is irreversible and results
in permanent 'holes' in the tissues of the
lower lungs.
13

14. oAsthma
o Asthma is a disease in which the breathing
tubes (also known as airways or bronchi) get
narrowed and the person experiences
difficulty in breathing. What causes this
process is a biologically active compound
called Leukotriene which, in turn is formed
by the oxidation of Arachiodonic acid (AA) .
This phenomenon causes the asthmatic
symptoms e.g., wheezing, coughing or
difficulty in breathing.
14

15. o Asthma is one of the biggest worldwide
public health problem.
o As per WHO report 15 to 20 million
Asthmatic cases are in India and over 150
million worldwide.
o As per WHO report there has been about
40% increase in asthma cases during the last
decade worldwide. Although asthma is
considered primarily a disease of airways,
virtually all aspects of pulmonary functions
are compromised during an acute attack.
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16. 16

17. Inhalers are used for
ASTHAMA treatment
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18. 18

19. Health Effects of Air Pollution
Nose
Removes particles
greater than 10
microns
Mouth
Removes particles
greater than 15
microns
Smallest particles
penetrate deepest
in lungs!
19

20. 20

21. 21

22. Common Health Effects of Air
Pollution
Respiratory System (Breathing Problems)
Coughing
Throat irritation
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
More difficult to breathe deeply and vigorously
Increase susceptibility to respiratory infections
Cardio Vascular System (Heart Problems)
Triggers heart attacks, especially
individuals with existing heart disease
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23. General health effects on humans
1.Eye irritation
2.Nose and throat irritation
3.Irritation of respiratory tract
4.Gases like H2S, NH3 and Mercaptans cause
odour nuisance even at low concentrations
5.Increase in mortality and morbidity rate
6.Variety of particulates especially pollen
grains initiate asthma attacks
7.Carcenogenic agents cause cancer
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24. 8. Chronic pulmonary diseases like asthma and
bronchitis are aggravated by a high concentration
of SO2 and NO2, particulates and photochemical
smog
9. Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin to
form carboxy hemoglobin. Which is very harmful
to human health.
10. HF causes disease of bones (Flourosis) and
mottling of teeth.
11.Dust particles cause respiratory diseases –
asbestosis, silicosis
12.Certain heavy metals like lead may enter into
body and lungs and cause body poisoning
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25. Dust (suspended Particulate Matter)
Characteristics
Major sources
- Solid particles or 1. Asbestos factories
liquid droplets 2. Mining activity
including fumes, 3. Power plants
smoke and
4. Ceramic industry
aerosols
5. Cement industries
- - can adsorb
some chemicals 6. Road traffic
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26. Types of Dusts
1.Inhalable dust:- The term is used to describe
the dust that is hazardous when it is deposited
anywhere in the respiratory tree including
nose and mouth.
2.Thoracic dust:- It is used to describe those
materials that are hazardous when deposited
anywhere within the lung air way and gas
exchange region.
3. Respirable dust: - It is defined as that
fraction of dust reaching alveolar region of
the lungs
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27. 27

28. Typical effects
1. Respiratory diseases
2. Toxicity from metallic dust
3. Asbestosis
4. Silicosis
5. Lung cancer
28

29. 29

30. 30

31. Type of Main health Target
dust
effect
organ
Particulate
Fraction of
interest
Free
Silicosis
(lung Lungs, gas - Respirable
fraction
crystalline fibrosis),
exchange
Silica
progressive and region, alveoli
irreversible
restrictive lung
disease,
also
carcinogenic
Coal dust Coal
workers Lungs,
gas- Reparable
fraction
pneumoconiosis, exchange,
restrictive lung alveoli
disease
31

32. Asbestos Asbestosis Lungs,
Thoracic
bronchial
and
and
gas- respirable
fraction
exchange
region
Lead
dust
Systemic
Through
Inhalable
intoxication respiratory fraction
(blood and system into
blood stream
central
nervous
system)
32

33. Mangan Systemic
Through Inhalable
ese
intoxication respiratory fraction
(blood
and system into
central
blood
stream
nervous
system)
Wood
Certain hard Nasal
Inhalable
dust
fraction
woods cause airways
nasal cancer
Lungs
Cotton Byssinosis,
Thoracic
dust
fraction
obstructive
lung disease
33

34. Dried
cane
sugardust
Lungs
Bagassosis
(extrinsic allergic
alveolitis)
Respirable
fraction
Cement
dust
Dermatoses
Any
particle size
Pentachlo Systemic
rophenol poisoning
Natural
Dust
Skin
Through skin Any
into
blood particle size
stream
Restrictive lung Alveoli, lungs, Respirable
fraction.
disease,
COPD, respiratory
Asthma etc.
system.
34

35. Objective Questions
Q1. Acute bronchitis is usually _________________.
Q2. Chronic bronchitis is usually ________________.
Q3. Dust reaching to alveolar region of lungs is called
as ____________________.
Q4. Nose Removes
particles greater than
____microns.
Q5. Mouth Removes particles greater than _____
microns.
Q6. __________ and __________ are caused by
silica and asbestos particles respectively.
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36. Theory Questions
Q1. Write a short note on diseases caused by air
pollution.
Q2.Discuss general effects of air pollution.
Q3. Give general characteristics of particulates.
Q4. Write in detail effects of particulates in
presence of SO2 on human health.
Q5. Define
1. Inhalable dust
2. Thoracic dust
3. Respirable dust
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37. oNEXT LECTURE
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