4. A stem change can occur in the Yo form, Tu
form, El/Ella/Usted form, and
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes form.
Nosotros and Vosotros do not stem change.
Example using Poder, to be able to.
u-ue, o-ue, e-ei, e-i.
Puedo Podemos
Puedes Podéis
Puede Pueden
5. Para is used in the Spanish language as for is
used in the English language.
Ex: Yo cocino la cena para mis padres.
6. Indirect Objects are nouns that tell to whom or
for whom.
To determine which pronoun to use, refer to the
indirect object. Le, Te, Me, Nos, Os, Les.
IOP’s are placed: Before conjugated verb,
attached to an infinitive, or attached to a gerrund.
Example: El hombre le vende el carro a mi padre.
You would choose le because it refers to mi padre
which is él.
7. 1. Attached to the pronoun to the infinitive.
2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
verb or “ing” verb.
3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command.
4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.
8. If you want to talk about the things people like, change
the form of gustar to match the singular or plural
nouns for those things.
Ex: Me gusta la idea, nos gusta la idea
Ex: Le gustan las personas, les gustan las personas.
Pronouns
Me Nos
Te Les
Le Les
9. When talking about an indefinite or negative
situation, you should use a negative or
affirmative.
Alguno and Ninguno drop of the O to show
masculine singular nouns.
Affirmative Negative
Algo Something Nada Nothing
Alguien Someone Nadie No one
Algun/alguno Same Ningun/ninguno None
Siempre Always Nunca Never
Tambien Also Tampoco Neither/either
10. Superlatives are used to express extreme
adjectives by dropping the final vowel and
adding “isimo(a)”.
The adjective must agree in gender and
number of the noun it modifies.
Ex: La comida es riquisimo.
Ex: La limonada es muy refrequisimo!
11. To describe people doing something
themselves, use a reflexive verb.
Ex: Me lavo la cabeza.
When there is not a reflexive verb, the person
doing the action is not receiving the action.
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
12. Affirmative commands give instructions or
commands to someone.
Ex: Camina en el parque!
When using a pronoun with an affirmative
command, the pronoun attaches to the
command.
Ex: Ponte otra camisa!
13. When telling someone what not to do, use a
negative command.
Formed by taking the form of the present tense,
dropping the O, and add the opposite ending
in tu form.
Vengas Tengas Pongas Salgas
Hagas Digas Vayas Seas
14. Primero- First
Entonces- Then/Therefore
Luego/Despues- Later/After
Por Fin- Finally
Antes de/ Despues de- Before/After
Por la mañana/tarde/noche-In the
morning/afternoon/night
Los Lunes- On Monday
15. The preterite is in the past tense.
é í
Aste Iste
ó Ió
Amos Imos
Aron Ieron
Esto Es El Preterito
17. Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Toqué Jugué Comencé
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Tocó Jugó Comenzó
Tocamos Jugamos Comenzaron
Tocaron Jugaron comenzaron
Verbs that end in -gar change g to gu.
Verbs that end in -car change c to qu.
Verbs that end in -zar change z to c.
18. The verb deber means “should” or “ought to”.
To say what people should do, conjugate
deber, and use another verb in its infinitive
form.
Ex: Yo debo comer antes voy al tenís.
19. Modal verbs are when the first verb is
conjugated, and then the verb immediately
after it stays in it’s infinitive form.
Ex: Yo voy comer a la cafetería. (I go eat at the
cafeteria)
Ex: Él debe limpiar la cocina. (He should clean
the kitchen)
Ex: Nosotros queremos jugar el fútbol
Americano. (We want to play football)
20. When you use pronouns in the present progressive, you can put
them before the conjugated verb estar, or attach it to the end of the
present participle.
For an –ar verb, use ando at the end. (Jugando)
For an ir/er verb, use iendo at the end. (Comiendo)
For Ir or a verb that has three consecutive vowels, use yendo.
(Leyendo)
E-I stem changing verbs have a vowel chagne in the stem.
Ex: Servir----Sirviendo
Ex: Preferir---- Prefiriendo
21. To describe how something is done, use adverbs.
When an adjective ends in E, I, or Z, add
-mente to the end.
Ex: Frecuente----Frecuentemente
Ex: Facil----Facilmente
Ex: Feliz----Felizmente
For adjectives ending in and A or O, add -mente to the feminine form.
Ex: Rápido----Rápidamente
Ex: Trabajadoro----Trabajadoramente
When you use two adverbs, drop the –mente from the first one.
Ex: Lenta y Traquilamente.