Students will write an essay, 500-750 words in length, on a topic selected from the list below. The purpose of the project is to give students an opportunity to discuss a key political science concept, and to show a basic understanding of academic research and reporting skills. The project consists of producing a 500-750 work essay on one of the provided topics (see below), as well as a works cited page for sources containing information used in the essay. The assignment is to be formatted according to the Modern Language Association (MLA) style. Students should research this style in order to properly format the assignment; papers not formatted properly will not receive a passing grade.  Students MUST have a minimum of three research sources on their works cited page as well as at least one parenthetical notation per paragraph. Students should use Courier or New Courier 12 point as the paper's font, double space the text, and create one inch margins on all four sides of the page. In addition, the assignment should be formatted according to MLA style  for papers with no title page . Please choose  one  of the following topics for your Writing Assignment 2 essay. 1. After reading Chapter 4, "Civil Liberties," in its entirety, focus specifically on the discussion of "the Bill of Rights: Origins and Evolution." The Bill of Rights was written to secure our civil liberties with respect to the actions of the national government. With passage of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause, and subsequent judicial interpretation of its language, many of the protections in the Bill of Rights have been extended to protect individuals from state action (a process referred to as "incorporation"). Thus, just as the national government may not deprive us of our liberties without due process, the Fourteenth Amendment provides us with the same due process protection of our liberties from state government action. For over a century, and on a case-by-case, right-by-right, basis, the Court has been "incorporating" rights from the Bill of Rights into the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Include the following: Provide an understanding of the origins of the Bill of Rights. Explain the Court's original ruling of nationalization of the Bill of Rights, as expressed in Barron v. Baltimore (1833). Define incorporation theory. Describe the Court's implementation of incorporation (nationalization) of the Bill of Rights. Provide your perspective on incorporation; do you believe the Court has made the rights decision by interpreting the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to limit state action with regard to individual liberties that are expressed in the Bill of Rights? 2. In Chapter 5, "Civil Rights, Equality and Social Movements," the authors define civil rights as, "those positive rights, whether political, social, or economic, conferred by the government on individuals or groups." As such, they are rights that are conferred upon us based on .

1. Students will write an essay, 500-750 words in length, on a
topic selected from the list below. The purpose of the project is
to give students an opportunity to discuss a key political science
concept, and to show a basic understanding of academic
research and reporting skills. The project consists of producing
a 500-750 work essay on one of the provided topics (see below),
as well as a works cited page for sources containing information
used in the essay. The assignment is to be formatted according
to the Modern Language Association (MLA) style. Students
should research this style in order to properly format the
assignment; papers not formatted properly will not receive a
passing grade.
Students MUST have a minimum of three research sources on
their works cited page as well as at least one parenthetical
notation per paragraph.
Students should use Courier or New Courier 12 point as the
paper's font, double space the text, and create one inch margins
on all four sides of the page. In addition, the assignment should
be formatted according to MLA style
for papers with no title page
.
Please choose
one
of the following topics for your Writing Assignment 2 essay.
1. After reading Chapter 4, "Civil Liberties," in its entirety,
focus specifically on the discussion of "the Bill of Rights:
Origins and Evolution." The Bill of Rights was written to secure
our civil liberties with respect to the actions of the national
government. With passage of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due
Process Clause, and subsequent judicial interpretation of its
language, many of the protections in the Bill of Rights have
been extended to protect individuals from state action (a process
referred to as "incorporation"). Thus, just as the national
government may not deprive us of our liberties without due
process, the Fourteenth Amendment provides us with the same

2. due process protection of our liberties from state government
action. For over a century, and on a case-by-case, right-by-
right, basis, the Court has been "incorporating" rights from the
Bill of Rights into the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. Include the following:
Provide an understanding of the origins of the Bill of Rights.
Explain the Court's original ruling of nationalization of the Bill
of Rights, as expressed in Barron v. Baltimore (1833).
Define incorporation theory.
Describe the Court's implementation of incorporation
(nationalization) of the Bill of Rights.
Provide your perspective on incorporation; do you believe the
Court has made the rights decision by interpreting the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to limit state
action with regard to individual liberties that are expressed in
the Bill of Rights?
2. In Chapter 5, "Civil Rights, Equality and Social Movements,"
the authors define civil rights as, "those positive rights, whether
political, social, or economic, conferred by the government on
individuals or groups." As such, they are rights that are
conferred upon us based on legislative action (i.e., the right to
marry, the right to vote, the right to drive, etc.). The Fourteenth
Amendment's Equal Protection Clause requires each state to not
"deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection
of the laws." Thus, there is some restriction on a state when it
provides civil rights, to do so in an equal manner. After reading
Chapter 5 in its entirety, focus specifically on the discussion
regarding, "The Women's Movement and Gender Equality."
Include the following:
Provide an understanding of the Court's initial opinion as to
whether the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause
required states to apply the law equally, without regard to
gender. Use Muller v. Oregon (1908), Goesaert v. Cleary
(1948), and Hoyt v. Florida (1961).
Beginning with Reed v. Reed (1971), explain the shift in the
Court's opinion with regard to the Fourteenth Amendment's

3. application to laws that discriminated based on gender.
Understanding the difference between the formal amendment
process and the informal amendment process, explain how the
Court's decisions relating to gender equality, beginning in the
1970's, may have achieved results similar to the goals of the
Equal Rights Amendment.
Explain whether you believe that passage of the Equal Rights
Amendment would have provided additional, or different,
protection from laws that discriminate based on gender.
3. After reading Chapter 10, "Public Opinion," study the
material related to political socialization (in the section, "How
Does Public Opinion Form"?). Complete the following
assignment:
Explain "political socialization" and "agents of political
socialization."
Describe your personal political socialization. Briefly discuss
your current political values, beliefs, and opinions, and explain
how (through political socialization) you have acquired these
opinions.
Discuss which/how social agents played a role in your political
socialization and, as a result, how your current political
opinions have become informed.
4. In Chapter 11, "Interest Groups," the authors discuss, "Iron
Triangles, Issue Networks, and the Influence of Groups."
Complete the following assignment:
Define the "iron triangle" of policy making.
Explain what constitutes the three groups involved in the iron
triangle, and describe the role of each group.
Identify a policy issue, other than one explained in the chapter,
and list the groups that would fall within the iron triangle for
that policy issue.
Explain whether you believe the close working relationship
between the three groups is beneficial or damaging to the policy
making process.
5. In Chapter 13, "Political Parties and Voting," the authors
discuss the expansion of voting rights in the United States, in

4. the section, "Toward Universal Suffrage." If we understand
voting rights as the result of states' determining eligibility
requirements and registration procedures, then expansion of
suffrage (the right to vote) must be understood in terms of
changes in eligibility requirements and changes in registration
procedures. Complete the following assignment:
Define the terms, "franchise" and "suffrage."
Describe the three amendments to the U.S. Constitution (15th,
19th, and 26th) that prohibited states from denying individuals
the right to vote based on specific criteria. Explain how these
amendments expanded suffrage.
Detail state actions (policies, such as poll taxes and literacy
tests), subsequent to passage of the 15th Amendment, to reduce
the ability to vote of African Americans. Explain how these
laws affected suffrage.
Describe actions at the national level (such as, passage of the
24th Amendment, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the
National Voter Registration Act of 1993). Explain how these
national actions affected suffrage.
Submission Instructions
:
Complete your assignment using word-processing software such
as MS Word, Open Office (download free software at
http://www.openoffice.org/
), or other per course requirements.
Save your file as an .rtf file to ensure that it can be opened at
any computer.
Submit your assignment in the Lessons (three and seven)
section of your course site.