Presentation at ATLAS 2007 Conference in Viana do Castelo (Portugal)

1. Knowledge Networks for Tourism Innovation in Destinations Oriol Miralbell [email_address] Dir. Dr. Agustí Canals Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Rbla. Poble Nou, 156 08018 Barcelona www.uoc.edu ATLAS annual conference 2007 Destinations Revisited Perspectives on developing and managing tourist areas

2. ATLAS 2007 Index Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations 1. Networks 2. Innovation 3. Social capital 4. Case study : testing the network of the experts

3. ATLAS 2007 Networks Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations We live in a network society (Castells, 1997)‏ Network analysis helps to understand our society - Internet - Communications - Neural networks (biological, artificial) - Criminal networks - and .... knowledge networks

4. ATLAS 2007 Networks Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations

6. ATLAS 2007 Knowledge networks Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations “ Existing studies suggest that because knowledge is becoming more widely distributed innovation increasingly needs to occur at the interstices' of collaborating groups and organizations. Networked innovation processes are therefore emphasized over more hierarchical or market-based forms as having distinct advantages for the creation and integration of knowledge.” (J. Swan & H. Scarborough, 2005) ‏

7. ATLAS 2007 Tourism networks Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Tourism is an information intensive industry (Poon, 1993)‏ Information, knowledge and business activity uses networks in tourism. Network in the air transportation

8. ATLAS 2007 Tourism networks Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Network in a destination

9. ATLAS 2007 Innovation Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Innovation?

10. ATLAS 2007 Innovation Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations We can see Innovation “as an effort to create purposeful, focused change in an enterprise's economic or social potential” and also “ ... new modes of social and economic action either derived from the invention of a physical product or process, or from the redefinition of interrelationships between actors. ” (Drucker, 1998)‏

12. ATLAS 2007 Innovation Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Product vs Process Innovation in Tourism Weiermair, 2004

13. ATLAS 2007 Innovation Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Innovation in tourism is dificult and not frequent. The structure (mainly SmeS) and the characteristics (services not products) of the industry don't make it easy. Thus: “Innovation policies sould [therefore] either target or specifically include the trade system, the technology system, the infrastructural system and the regulation system, possibly in collaboration with the primary tourism operators.” (Hjalager, 2001)‏

14. ATLAS 2007 Social capital Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Social capital What and why?

15. ATLAS 2007 Social capital Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Social Capital: "By analogy with physical capital and human capital - tools and training that enhance human productivity - the core idea of social capital theory is that social networks have value . Just as a screwdriver (physical capital) or a college education (human capital) can increase productivity (both individual and collective), so too social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups " (Putnam, 2000)‏

16. ATLAS 2007 Social capital Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Social Capital: Other authors have discussed on Social Capital (Burt, Coleman, Brudieu..) but they all agree on the critical role of social capital inside organizations in fostering internal dynamics that can help to create and sthrengteh new values, like knowledge sharing.

17. ATLAS 2007 Social capital Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations A reason to investigate: R. Burt states “[t]hat research and theory will better cumulate across studies if we focus on the network mechanisms responsible for social capital effects rather than trying to integrate across metaphors of social capital loosely tied to distant empirical indicators.” (2000)‏ “ The two mechanisms most often cited are protection within closed networks and brokerage across structural holes,..” (Burt, 2000)‏ Putnam (1995) calls them, bondind and bridging (also known as brokering )‏

18. ATLAS 2007 Social capital Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations

19. ATLAS 2007 Research Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Case Study A first step in the PhD Research

20. ATLAS 2007 Research Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Objective for PhD Thesis : To study the the impact of social capital mechanisms of tourism networks to foster innovation in destinations.

21. ATLAS 2007 Case study Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Object of study: A network that has representatives of different clusters (destinations), that use network as a value in their relations. APTALC : Catalan Association of Professionals working in Local Tourism Administration Leaders & experts in their destination Aptalc started in 2004 Have 173 members Representativeness over region: 70%

22. ATLAS 2007 Case Study Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Hypothesis : Networks of knowledge with strong social capital mechanisms are good instruments for the difussion of innovation done in tourism destinations.

23. ATLAS 2007 Case study Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Methodology: 1. To draw the network A questionnaire to 13 members of APTALC, (the most frequently related members). The questionnaire was tested with some colleagues and after that, I've tried to draw some possible networks to test if the questions could help to draw a structure that could explain the relations between the members and the innovation.

26. ATLAS 2007 Case study Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Relational graph

27. ATLAS 2007 Case study Knowledge networks for Tourism Innovation in destinations Votes for innovation The thickness of the lines describes the weight of the evaluation given by each node or member to the other one, and the arrows show the origin and target of each vote. The most voted innovators are: D – 4 votes C, N, and Q, with 3 votes.