simple ppt

1. JOHNY WILBERT, M.Sc[N]
LECTURER,
APOLLO INSTITUTE OF HOSPITAL
MANAGEMENT AND ALLIED SCIENCE

2. DEFINITION
 Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis,
affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs
when the protective cartilage on the ends of the bones
wears down over time.

3. SITES
 Osteoarthritis can damage any joint in the body, but
the disorder most commonly affects joints in the
hands, knees, hips and spine.

4. RISK FACTORS
 Older age.
 Sex.
 Obesity.
 Joint injuries.
 Certain occupations.
 Genetics.
 Bone deformities.
 Other diseases. Having diabetes or other rheumatic
diseases such as gout and rheumatoid arthritis can
increase the risk of osteoarthritis.

5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 Osteoarthritis occurs when the cartilage that cushions
the ends of bones in the joints gradually deteriorates.
Cartilage is a firm, slippery tissue that permits nearly
frictionless joint motion. In osteoarthritis, the slick
surface of the cartilage becomes rough. Eventually, if
the cartilage wears down completely, bone rubbing on
the bone occurs.

6. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
 Pain.
 Tenderness.
 Stiffness.
 Loss of flexibility.
 Grating sensation.
 Bone spurs.

7. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS
 Physical examination. To examine the affected joint, check for
tenderness, swelling or redness, and for range of motion in the
joint.
 Imaging tests
 To take pictures of the affected joint can be obtained during
imaging tests. Examples include:
 X-rays.
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
 Lab tests
 Blood tests. Blood tests may help rule out other causes of joint
pain, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
 Joint fluid analysis. The doctor may use a needle to draw fluid
out of the affected joint. Examining and testing the fluid from
the joint can determine the inflammation and the pain is caused
by gout or an infection.

8. TREATMENT
 Medications
 Acetaminophen. Acetaminophen (Tylenol, others)
can relieve pain, but it doesn't reduce inflammation. It
has been shown to be effective for people with
osteoarthritis who have mild to moderate pain.
 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs). NSAIDs may reduce inflammation and
relieve pain. Over-the-counter NSAIDs include
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen
(Aleve, others). They should not be used by people
over 65 years of age and those who have stomach
bleeding.

9. Therapy
 Exercising and achieving a healthy weight are the best
and most important ways to treat osteoarthritis.
 Physical therapy. A physical therapist can work to
create an individualized exercise program that will
strengthen the muscles around the joint, increase the
range of motion and reduce pain.
 Occupational therapy. An occupational therapist can
help to discover ways to do everyday tasks or do job
without putting extra stress on the already painful
joint.

10.  Braces or shoe inserts. The doctor may recommend
shoe inserts or other devices that can help reduce pain
while standing or walking. These devices can
immobilize or support the joint to help take pressure
off it.
 A chronic pain class. These classes teach skills that
help to manage osteoarthritis pain. And the patient
meets other people with osteoarthritis and learn their
tips and tricks for reducing and coping with joint pain.

11.  Surgical and other procedures
 Cortisone shots. Injections of corticosteroid
medications may relieve pain in the joint. During this
procedure the doctor numbs the area around the joint,
then places a needle into the space within the joint and
injects medication.
 Lubrication injections. Injections of hyaluronic acid
may offer pain relief by providing some cushioning in
the knee. Hyaluronic acid is similar to a component
normally found in the joint fluid.

12.  Realigning bones. During a surgical procedure called
an osteotomy, the surgeon cuts across the bone either
above or below the knee to realign the leg. Osteotomy
can reduce knee pain by shifting the body weight
away from the worn-out part of the knee.
 Joint replacement. In joint replacement surgery
(arthroplasty), the surgeon removes the damaged joint
surfaces and replaces them with plastic and metal
parts. The hip and knee joints are those most
commonly replaced.