French bean, also known as common bean or snap bean, belongs to the genus Phaseolus and species vulgaris. It is native to southern Mexico and Central America. The document discusses the botany, floral biology, taxonomy, genetic resources, inheritance of qualitative traits, breeding objectives and methods, varieties, interspecific hybridization, and application of biotechnology in French bean breeding. It provides information on breeding objectives such as resistance to diseases and pests, pod characteristics, and adaptation. Popular varieties discussed are Arka Komal, Arka Suvidha, Arka Anoop, and Arka Sharath.

1. BREEDING IN
FRENCH
BEAN

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• Scientific name :-Phaseolus vulgaris
• Family :-Leguminoceae
• Chromosome No:- 22
• Origin:-Southern Mexico and Central America
• Progenitor -Phaseolus aborigineus
• Types of pollination:- Self pollination
FRENCH BEAN

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BOTANY
 Habit : Either bushy or pole type ,but are annual
 Root : Tap root with secondary and tertiary root system
 Stem : Slender, elongated internodes
 Leaf : Pinnately trifoliate, leaflets are ovate and pubescent
 Inflorescence : Raceme

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FLORAL BIOLOGY
 Anthesis : 5 A.M to 7 A.M
 Anther dehiscence : one evening prior to anthesis
 Stigma receptivity : Maximum on the day of anthesis

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TAXONOMY
• French bean belongs to the family leguminosae under Phaseolus genus and
vulgaris species.
• The genus Phaseolus possesses four cultivated species, viz:
1. Phaseolus vulgaris : The common, haricot, snap bean
2. P. coccineus : The runner or scarlet bean
3. P. acutifolius var. latifolius : The tepary bean
4. P. lunatus : The lima, sieve, butter of Madagascar bean.

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PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES
1. IPGR (International Plant Genetic Centre) 3220
2. RCA (Institute for Agro-botany) Hungary 4350
3. IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Research Institute) 3220
4. CIAT (International Centre for Tropical Agriculture)
Colombia
35891
5. NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resource)
at Regional station in Uttarakhand and Shimla

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INHERITANCE OF QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS
Sl. No. CHARACTER NO. OF GENES TYPE OF GENE ACTION
1 Growth habit Monogenic Indeterminate or climbing habit dominant to
determinate habit
2 Pod stringness Monogenic Stringiness dominant to stringlessness
3 Pod surface Monogenic Shiny node recessive to non shiny
4 Earliness Monogenic Early flowering dominant to late
5 Groove of pods Monogenic Non-grooved dominant to grooved
6 Pod shape Polygenic Normal round has a general dominace over other
shapes
7 Colour of foliage Digenic Green dominant to variegated, duplicate gene
action
8 Hard seed Monogenic Soft seed dominant to hard seed

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INHERITANCE OF QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS
Green hypocotyl controlled by single recessive gene.
Dark flower colour dominant over white (single dominant gene)
Response to photoperiod – single gene involved (Padha, 1970).
Round pod dominant over flat, long dominant over short, single pair of gene
Green pod dominant over Waxy, single dominant gene
Indeterminate growth habit dominant over determinant growth. Single pair of genes
Interlocular cavity governed by single dominant gene.

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INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO DISEASE
1.Powdery Mildew A Single Dominant Gene
2.Bean Rust Resistance Dominant or Incompletely
Dominant
3.Anthracnose A single dominant gene ,are also mex-2
and mex-3 genes
4.Bean Virus Single Recessive Gene, Mo
Ri for Bean Virus-1
5.Common Bean Mosaic One Dominant Gene, I Recessive Race
SpecificGenes,Bc1,Bc2,Bc3
6.Curly Top Virus Two Epistatic Dominant Genes

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BREEDING OBJECTIVES
 Nonstringy, long pods, flat or round in shape
 Increased protein content, decreased fibre, decreased hemaglutine content.
 Early pod harvesting
 Bush/pole plant type
 Fruits held high from the ground

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BREEDING OBJECTIVES
 High number of green pods/plant
 High number of pod clusters/plant
 High number of primary branches/plant
 Pod bearing above leaves

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BREEDING OBJECTIVES
 Free from inter-locular space
 Photo insensitivity & wider adaptability
 Resistance to disease and pest
 For fresh market and processing
 Dry shelled beans with red colour, bold grain
 More shelling percentage

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YIELD AND OTHER CONTRIBUTING CHARACTERS
 Total green pod yield
 Number of pods per plant
 Number of pod clusters per plant
 Long tender pods flat pods – increased seed yield.
 Round to semi-round fibreless pods – vegetable types.
 Number of seeds per pod – Seed yield
 Hundred seed weight – indicate boldness and associated with seed yield
 Growth habit – pole types yield more than bush varieties
 More number of primary branches indicates vigorous nature of plant and is
important character contributes to pod or seed yield.
 Day neutral type nothing to worry about date of sowing.

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BREEDING METHOD
• Introduction :
Pole Type :- Kentucky Wonder, Lakshmi, Pusa Himlata, Swarnalata, SVM-1,
TKD1
Bush Type :- Bountiful, Contender, Gaint Stringless, Pant Anupama, Premier
• Selection- Pant Anupama, Phule Suyash (GK- 7), Swarna Priya (CH-812)
• Pureline selection : Arka Komal (sel 9 ), APLS from IIHR 60 collection
• Pedigree method : IIHR 909 Pod selection from Blue crop X Contender (Arka
Suvidha)
• Hybridization- Arka Suvidha (IIHR 909)
• Mutation –Pusa Parvati derived from a mutant waxy type EC 1906

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Varieties Resistant for Biotic and abiotic stresses
Powdery mildew Contender, Long Kidney, Top Crop
Bean rust Kentucky Wonder, VL Boni -1
Common Bean Mosaic Refugee, Robust
Anthracnose Cornell49-242
Stem Fly Sel-2, SVM-1, Sel-9, Sel- 4
Aphid Bruna
Leaf hopper London Horticultural, Contender, Top
Crop
Heat and drought Red Mexican

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VARIETIES
Arka Komal
 A bush, photo insensitive variety
 A pure line selection from IIHR-60
(Collection from Australia).
 Plants erect and bushy, Flat, green straight
stringy pods.
 Seeds light brown, oblong and large.
 Good transportation and cooking qualities.
 Seed yield 1500 kg./ha
 Duration 70 days.
 Pod Yield 20 t/ha.
 Susceptible to Rust and Bacterial blight.

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VARIETIES
Arka Bold (IIHR-220)
 It is a bush, photo
insensitive variety.
 Pods flat, medium long, 1.5 cm
width, crisp, stringless.
 Yield 15 t/ha. in 70 days.
 Resistant to Rust and Bacterial
blight.

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VARIETIES
Arka Suvidha
 Plants are bushy and photoinsensitive
 Pedigree selection from cross between
Blue Crop x Contender
 Resistant to rust
 Pods straight, ova, light green, fleshy,
stringless and crisp.
 Duration 70 days
 Pod yield 19t/ ha

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VARIETIES
Arka Anoop
 It is resistant to both Rust and
Bacterial blight.
 Pod yield 19.78 t/ha. in 70 days.
 Crisp with less parchment.
 Plants bushy and photo insensitive.
 Derived from cross between
Arka Bold(IIHR 220) X Arka Komal
 Through modified Back Cross –
Pedigree method

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VARIETIES
Arka Sharath
 It has round, string less, smooth pods
suitable for steamed beans.
 Pods are crisp, fleshy with no
parchment and perfectly round on
cross section.
 Plants are bushy and photo insensitive
and it is suitable for both kharif and
rabi seasons.
 It gives maximum number of pods per
plant(44.5) compared to checks.
 It has high pod yield potential of 18.5
t/ha in 70 days

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VARIETIES
Sl. No Variety Developing institutions Breeding method Special features
1 Ooty-1 Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University
Moderately resistant to
leaf spot, anthracnose and
pod borer
2 Pant
Anupama
(UPF 191)
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar Selection from line
UPF181
Moderately resistant to
bean mosaic and angular
leaf spot
3 Phule
Suyash (GK-
7)
MPKV, Rahuri Selection Plant are highly tolerant
to wilt and bean mosaic
virus
4 Swarna Priya
(CH-812)
CHES, Ranchi Pure line selection Good cooking quality,
suitable for daal
preparation

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BUSH TYPES
Pusa Parvathi X ray mutant of wax pod EC1906
Arka Komal Photoinsensitive
Arka Suvidha Photoinsensitive, resistance to rust
Arka Anoop Photoinsensitive, resistance to
bacterial wilt and rust
Arka Sharath Photoinsensitive
Arka Bold Photoinsensitive,flat type,resistance
to bacterial wilt
Pant Anupama Resistance to angular leaf spot
Pant Bean Turkish Brown X Contender
Pole types
Kentucky
wonder
Introduction
from USA
Pusa Himlata
TKD1
SVM 1 Contender X
PBL257
Lakshmi Contender X
Local type

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INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Species crosses Compatibility Utility
P. vulgaris X P. coccineus F1 seeds viable or F1 plants
were fertile
Tolerant to frost and
viruses
P. vulgaris X P. flavescens Crosses readily Rust resistance
P. vulgaris X P. lunatus Fertility of F1 ranged from
nil to normal
Resistance to
diseases and quality
parameters

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BIOTECHNOLOGY
• RAPD markers have been used in common beans.
• RAPD markers linked to disease resistances in common bean are given in
table(Kelly and Miklas 1998)
Resistance gene Pathogen RAPD markers Size(bp)
Co-1 Anthacnose OF 10 530
Co-2 Anthacnose OQ4
B355
OH20
1440
1000
450
BC-3 BCMV OAD19 690
Mp-1 Macrophomina B386 900
Ur-3 Rust OK14 620
Ur-9 Rust OJ13 1800

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BIOTECHNOLOGY
• The transgenic plants of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) resistant to herbicide
Pursuit have been obtained.
• The genetic transformation was carried out with Agrobacterium tumefaciens
strain LBA4404 containing binary vector carrying mutant ahas/als and selective
nptII genes.
• Integration of the transgenes into plant genome was confirmed by polymerase
chain reaction

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