Running Head ADDICTIONAddition Affecting Overall Development .docx

Running Head: ADDICTION
Addition Affecting Overall Development
6
ADDITION AFFECTING OVERALL DEVELOPMENT:
Annotated Bibliography
Addiction is something that a lot of people deal with. Addition
in all its entirety is whether substance and drug abuse related
addiction or behavioral related addiction, plays a very crucial
role in impending development. Here development entails
personal life development, society development or the national
development of a country. Thus it is the priority of every
person, society, government and organizations to try and curb
this menace.
The understanding of addiction (its nature, its causes, and
its effects) is the only rational way of controlling its demise.
There have been numerous studies, researches and experiments
conducted to try and understand the basis underlying addiction.
The following is a list of the various articles on this endeavor.

Robinson, T., & Berridge, K. (2003). Addiction. Annu. Rev.
Psychol., 54(1), 25-53.
doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237
Terry and Kent review the theoretical explanations of how the
transition from casual to compulsive drug use happens. They
focus on how the use of drugs causes changes to the
psychological function of a person leading to addiction.
According to them the pleasure from the use of a given drug
doesn’t lead to addiction which contrasts the hedonic views of
addiction. Another common theory they rule out on transition to
addiction is relief from withdrawal symptoms. Aberrant theory
is also ruled out in that abnormalities of associate learning do
not lead to addiction. They suggest that addiction is brought
about by an abnormal generation of incentive salience by the
neural system leading to cognitive deficits. Thus according to
them addiction starts from the brain itself.
Boddiger, D. (2004). Battling addiction. The Lancet, 364(9438),
923-924. doi:10.1016/s0140-
6736(04)17041-4
In this article Bodigger studies drug use in the Central
American region. According to him the rate of drug abuse
among school attending children is on the rise. This, he blames
to the high availability of drugs in the streets, high use of drugs
by adults in the society, traffickers investing more in the trade
than the government is investing against the trade, use of
children for trafficking and the early age of exposure of
children to these drugs. Children have also been identified to
indulge in drugs to escape emotional and physical abuse by
family members or step-parents. Some of the measures that has

been put up to control the epidemic are; creating of
rehabilitation programs for street children, treating the addicts
by detoxification, governments investing more on the fight of
drug trafficking etc. Elsavador is the leading country in the
fight of drugs in the region. According to him the fight against
drug use in the region is expensive and governments need to
work together to conquer it.
Grant JE, e. (2015). Introduction to behavioral addictions. -
PubMed - NCBI. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2 March 2015,
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20560821.
In this article Jon et al 2010 compare behavioral addictions and
other types of addictions especially substance addiction. They
employ the statistical method of analysis by studying data on
both behavioral and substance addictions. According to their
findings these two addictions resemble each other in many
aspects such as tolerance, phenomenology, neurobiological
mechanisms and response to treatment. According to them
behavioral addictions such as sexual addiction, internet
addiction, video/computer game addictions and gambling
addictions have as dire consequences as substances abuse and
their studies should be enhanced to improve their treatment.
According to them these addictions leads to limited
development due to wasted time.
Wise, R., & Koob, G. (2013). The Development and
Maintenance of Drug Addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology,
39(2), 254-262. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.261
In this article RA Wise and GF Koob discusses their views
about the role of positive and negative reinforcement in the
process of addiction respectively. According to Wise the
pleasure a person gets from an experience is the main reason
why they end up developing a compulsive consumption of the
same leading to addiction. According to Koob, the negative
affect experience (May it be mild discomfort or extreme
distress) one have in the absence of an experience (say, a drug,
object, role or any other stimulus-source) leads to addiction.
They agree on the limitations on the use of such subjects as rats

in the study of addiction in that rats can’t model human beings.
They agree on the fact that both negative and positive
reinforcement plays a role to addiction but disagree on which
stage of transition each of then comes to play. Both are hopeful
that there will be better methods used to study addiction and its
complexity in the future.
Nestler, E. (2000). Nat. Genet., 26(3), 277-281.
doi:10.1038/81570
According to Nestler addiction is as biological as it is
behavioral. Biological study of addiction is thus a pivotal aspect
in deciphering this multidimensional mystery called addiction.
There are two main areas of enquiry in the study of biological
basis of addiction; these are; identifying the genes in humans
that make us susceptible to addiction and indentifying which
genes play the major role in the development on addiction by
use of animal models. According to Nestler, the latter area is at
its infancy and a lot of development is needed in order to make
any worthy results from it. He is optimistic that with the
development of sophisticated methods in genetics the study of
animal models will be of great importance in the study of
neurological mechanism associated with addiction. This will
lead to a better understanding of addiction thus its cure and
prevention.
Dodes, L. (2009). Addiction as a psychological symptom.
Psychodynamic Practice, 15(4), 381-393.
doi:10.1080/14753630903230468
Dodes in this article contracts the clinical applicability of
psychological study of addiction and the neurological study of
addiction. According to him addiction is a psychological
compulsion just like any other compulsion. Its treatment thus
can be handled in the same manner like others i.e. one, it can be
substituted and replaced by psychological symptomology such
as psychologically-induced forgetting and two, if it is limited to
the settings in which the addictive object is present, finding a
different settings might help in its cure. He argues that the use
of animal models to study addiction leads to a lot of

misconception in that addiction in itself involve higher
functions of the mind that are not available in animals such as
emotional defenses and consciousness. According to him
psychological study of addiction is more essential in finding a
cure to addiction than neurological study which is mostly being
focused on as of late.
Niekerk, J. (2011). Addiction. South African Medical Journal,
101(10), 673. Retrieved from
http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/5291/3
572
According to the author the fight against drug abuse has been
full of misconceptions and politicized in South African and the
rest of the world. The drugs addicts have been stigmatized and
incarcerated in jails instead of being given expert medical help
and being treated like any other sick person. Addiction may
arise from pursuit of intoxication, celebrations, medication,
annihilation, deviation or obfuscation. To cure addiction the
knowledge of the nature and effects of addiction has to be
provided to both the addicts as well as their families and those
affected. The traditional fight against drug and substance abuse
has been questioned in this article with the policies used being
criticized. As a recommendation the article insists on the
review, research and evaluation of these policies.
Raphael: SOC 203 Criminology
Fieldwork Assignments
Your fieldwork assignments constitutes 30% of your final
grade. The assignment is completed in
two stages. The first stage requires conducting three brief
ethnographic observations (50%) and

the second stage requires one comparative ethnographic analysis
(50%), following the rubrics
and writing composition processes provided. This assignment
shows that students can critically
observe, collect, synthesize, and interpret data using a variety
of analytic frameworks. It is
therefore the aim of this assignment to not only serve as the
partial satisfaction of this course’s
requirements but also the opportunity to write a quality writing
sample that can be used for
future employment or graduate study.
While it is recognized that students have other life
commitments, producing college-level writing
is not something that ‘just happens.’ This assignment requires
planning your time well and a
focused effort.
Stage One: Three Brief Ethnographies (50%)
Based upon your readings of Goffman and Blackboard
selections on writing field notes, your
fieldwork assignment is to visit 2 different New York City
courts and 1 Federal Court. Based
upon your notes and class discussions, you are required to
report back your observations in

three 5-page papers; one for each court. You should plan to
spend 2 to 3 hours on each
observation – the approximate length of either a morning
session or afternoon session. Also,
keep in mind that all persons entering the courthouse must go
through a magnetometer. Please
arrive in time to allow for security screening.
At anytime, the judge or other court officials might inquire
about you observing. Remember to
identify yourself as a student. Most court hearings are public
but some are closed for the
preservation of the rights of some parties. You can always slip
into a different courtroom!
Rubric for Each Observation:
specify which court,
presiding Judge, type of hearings attending, etc.) (10 %)
raction (1 page) (20 %)
(40 %)
this experience? / Bring it all

together!!!) (10 %)
Composition Process:
1. Perform Each Observation and Take Notes
2. Draft 1: Write Up Each Narrative Separately (Simply
describe what happened!)
3. Draft 2: Perform Analysis (Apply relevant sociological
concepts to your narrative!)
4. Visit Writing Center to Create Draft 3
5. Hand in Draft 3 Early to Receive Feedback (Optional)
6. Revise Draft 3 into Final Draft and Submit via SafeAssign!
Stage Two: A Comparative Ethnographic Analysis (50%)
Assess to what degree your own court observations are in line
with Steve Bogira's observations
as presented in his book, Courtroom 302. Be sure to attend to
the ritualistic elements that sustain
1
social organization as discussed by Goffman. Keep in mind this
it is this organization that
sustains social reality and the production of social order in
everyday life. Then, with class
discussions in mind on the role of criminology in relation to the
sociology of law, make sure to

reflect on how your experiences in the legal institution (as a
realization of the philosophy of law)
relate to the organization of your own experience of social life.
Remember that the word
"experience" used here has a specific sociological meaning, not
that one time with your friends
by the lake, but rather the manner in which one can speak of
and be understood to be referring to
that one time with your friends by the lake.
Rubric for the Comparative Analysis:
Since this analysis is cumulative, your response should
approximate 10 to 11 pages (double
spaced/ 12 point font), containing the following:
Page) (15%)
Page) (15%)
Page) (15%)
criminology, the legal institution and
the experience of social life (3-4 Pages) (45%)

Composition Process:
1. Perform Analysis for Three Brief Ethnographies
2. Read Courtroom 302
3. Analyze Prompt
4. Create Outline
5. Compose Draft 1 following Rubric
6. Visit Writing Center to Create Draft 2
7. Hand in Draft 2 Early to Receive Feedback (Optional)
8. Revise Draft 2 into Final Draft and Submit via SafeAssign!
Where to Observe
The New York State Unified Court System
The New York State Unified Court System has many different
courts. Since we are in New York
City, we have access to many different levels of legal action.
While most legal work is done
behind the scenes in the production of documentation, the
courtroom is where the public stake is
defended (i.e. criminal cases), private concerns require public
intervention (i.e. civil cases) or the
dispute of public-private stakes (i.e. civil rights cases). In New
York City, there are five different
types of courts that are part of the New York State Unified
Court System:

1. The Supreme Court is the trial court of unlimited original
jurisdiction, but it generally
only hears cases that are outside the jurisdiction of other trial
courts of more limited
jurisdiction. It exercises civil jurisdiction and jurisdiction over
felony charges.
2. The Family Court hears matters involving children and
families. Its jurisdiction
includes: custody and visitation, support, family offense
(domestic violence), persons in
need of supervision, delinquency, child protective proceedings
(abuse and neglect), foster
care approval and review, termination of parental rights,
adoption and guardianship.
2
3. The Surrogate’s Court hears cases involving the affairs of
decedents, including the
probate of wills and the administration of estates, and
adoptions.
4. The Civil Court of the City of New York has jurisdiction over
civil cases involving
amounts up to $25,000 and other civil matters referred to it by
the Supreme Court. It
includes a small claims part for informal dispositions of matters

not exceeding $5,000
and a housing part for landlord-tenant matters and housing code
violations.
5. The Criminal Court of the City of New York has jurisdiction
over misdemeanors and
violations. Judges of the Criminal Court also act as arraigning
magistrates and conduct
preliminary hearings in felony cases.
The United States Federal Court System
The United States Federal Court System can be split into three
levels: the district courts, court of
appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court.
1. The United States District Courts are the trial courts of the
federal court system. Within
limits set by Congress and the Constitution, the district courts
have jurisdiction to hear
nearly all categories of federal cases, including both civil and
criminal matters.
2. The United States Circuit Courts (also referred to as the
United States Courts of
Appeals) hears appeals from the district courts located within
its circuit, as well as
appeals from decisions of federal administrative agencies. There
are 94 U.S. judicial
districts which are organized into 12 regional circuits, each of

which has a United States
court of appeals.
3. The United States Supreme Court consists of the Chief
Justice of the United States and
eight associate justices. At its discretion, and within certain
guidelines established by
Congress, the Supreme Court each year hears a limited number
of the cases it is asked to
decide. Those cases may begin in the federal or state courts, and
they usually involve
important questions about the Constitution or federal law.
In New York City, we have:
1. The United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York has
jurisdiction over and summons jurors from the counties of New
York, Bronx,
Westchester, Rockland, Putnam, Orange, Dutchess, and
Sullivan. The Court for the
Southern District of New York hears cases in Manhattan, White
Plains, and Middletown,
New York.
2. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals sits in New York City
at the Thurgood Marshall
U.S. Courthouse in lower Manhattan. Three appellate court
judges sit on each case panel,

except for en banc appeals on which the full court sits. The
appellate court hears appeals
from the district courts within the circuit. The United States
District Courts for the
Second Circuit exercise federal jurisdiction in six districts
within the states of
Connecticut, New York, and Vermont. These are the trial courts
for the circuit. Each
district has multiple seats of court:
1) District of Connecticut (New Haven, Hartford, Bridgeport)
2) Eastern District of New York (Brooklyn, Central Islip)
3) Northern District of New York (Albany, Binghamton,
Plattsburgh, Syracuse,
Utica)
4) Southern District of New York (Manhattan, White Plains)
5) Western District of New York (Buffalo)
3
6) District of Vermont (Burlington, Rutland, Brattleboro)
The List of New York City Courts of the New York State
Unified Court System

1. Supreme Court, Civil & Criminal Terms
1) For New York City Supreme Court, Civil & Criminal Terms,
see
http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/cts-NYC-SUPREME.shtml and
search for
locations.
2. New York City Family Court
1) Bronx County
o Location: 900 Sheridan Ave, Bronx NY 10451 (corner of 161
Street)
o Public Transportation Directions: Take the B, D, or 4 trains to
the 161st
Street-Yankee Stadium station; or the #1, 2, 6, or 32 buses; we
are just a short
walk from Yankee Stadium.
2) Kings County
o Location: 330 Jay Street, Brooklyn 11201, in downtown
Brooklyn.
o Public Transportation Directions: Take the R or M train to the
Lawrence
Street Station; the G train to the Hoyt Street & Schermerhorn
Street Station;
the A, F or C train to the Jay Street Station; the 2, 3, 4 or 5
train to the
Borough Hall Station. Or take the B67, B41 or B45 bus line to
Livingston

Street & Smith Street; the B63 or B65 bus line to Atlantic
Avenue & Smith
Street; B61 to Jay St. (Metro Tech).
3) New York County
o Location: 60 Lafayette Street, NY 10013; in lower Manhattan,
between
Franklin and Leonard Streets.
o Public Transportation Directions: Take the # 4 or 5 train to
the Brooklyn
Bridge Station; the C, N, R, 6 train to Canal Street; the 1 train
to Franklin
Street. Or take the 1, 6 or 15 bus line.
4) Queens County
o Location: 151-20 Jamaica Ave. Jamaica, NY 11432, across
from the Rufus
King Park
5) Richmond County
o Location: 100 Richmond Terrace, Staten Island 10301; two
blocks west of St.
George Terminal.
o Public Transportation Directions: Staten Island Rapid Transit
or any City
bus to the St. George Terminal.
3. The Surrogate’s Court

1) New York County (Manhattan)
31 Chambers Street
New York, NY 10007
2) Bronx County
851 Grand Concourse
Bronx, NY 10451
3) Queens County
88-11 Sutphin Blvd.
Jamaica, NY 11435
4) Kings County (Brooklyn)
4
http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/cts-NYC-SUPREME.shtml
2 Johnson Street
Brooklyn, NY 11201
5) Richmond County (Staten Island)
18 Richmond Terrace
Staten Island, NY 10301
4. New York City Civil Court

6) Harlem Community Court
o Location: 170 East 121st Street, New York, NY 10035
o Public Transportation Directions: 4, 5 or 6 Train - To 125th
Street station;
M101 or M98 bus to 121st Street; M100 crosstown bus to 3rd
Avenue
7) Bronx County Civil Court
o Location: 851 Grand Concourse, Bronx NY 10451
o Public Transportation Directions: B or D train to 161st St.,
Yankee
Stadium; 4 train to 161st St., Yankee Stadium; Bx1 bus to 161st
St. & Grand
Concourse; Bx6 bus or #55 bus to River Avenue & 161st St.
8) Bronx Housing Court
o Location: 1118 Grand Concourse (at 166th Street), Bronx, NY
10456
o Public Transportation Directions: 4 train to 167th Street; B or
D train to
167th Street; Bx1 bus to 166th St. & the Grand Concourse; Bx2
bus to 165th
St. & the Grand Concourse
9) Kings County
o Location: 141 Livingston Street (Corner of Smith Street),
Fulton Street Mall
Brooklyn, NY 11201

o Public Transportation Directions: 2, 3, 4, or 5 train to
Borough Hall station;
A, C or F train to Jay Street/Borough Hall station; M, N or R
train to
Lawrence Street/Metro Tech station; B25, B26, B37, B38, or
B52 bus to
Fulton & Jay Street; B41, B45, or B67 bus to Livingston &
Smith Street
10) New York County
o Location: 111 Centre Street, New York, NY 10013 (75
Lafayette
Street)(Between White and Franklin Streets)
o Public Transportation Directions: 1 or 9 train to Franklin
Street station; 4 or
5 train to Brooklyn Bridge station; 6 train to Canal Street
station; A, C, E, J,
M, N, R or Z train to Canal Street station; M101 or M102 down
Lexington
Avenue to City Hall; M15 down Second Avenue
11) Queens County
o Location: 89-17 Sutphin Boulevard (at 89th Avenue), Jamaica,
NY 11435
o Public Transportation Directions: E, F or J train to Sutphin
Blvd. station;
Q40, Q43 or Q44 bus to Sutphin Boulevard Q9, Q24, Q30, Q31,
Q54, Q56

bus to Jamaica Avenue; LIRR to Jamaica Station, courthouse is
3-4 blocks
north.
12) Redhook Community Justice Center
o Location: 88 Visitation Place, Brooklyn NY 11231
o Public Transportation Directions: B61 to Visitation Place; A,
C or F train to
Jay Street/Borough Hall and transfer for the B61 bus. The B61
bus stops one
half block from the Justice Center.
13) Richmond County
5
o Location: 927 Castleton Avenue (Corner of Bement Avenue),
Staten Island,
NY 10310
o Public Transportation Directions: At the Staten Island Ferry
bus ramp take
either S44 (Staten Island Mall) or S46 (Castleton Avenue) bus.
Get off at the
corner of Castleton Avenue and Bement Avenue.
5. New York City Criminal Court

14) Bronx County (Criminal Division)
o Location: The Bronx Criminal Court is located at 215 East
161st Street,
between Sherman & Sheridan Avenues and 265 East 161st
Street, between
Morris & Sherman Avenues.
o Public Transportation Directions: Take the C, D or 4 train to
Yankee
Stadium/161st Street Station. Take the BX 6 or BX 13 to East
161st Street &
Sheridan Avenue; the BX 1 to East 161st Street & Grand
Concourse.
o General Information: (718) 618-2460
15) Kings County (Brooklyn)
o Location: Kings (Brooklyn) Criminal Court is located at 120
Schermerhorn
Street, Brooklyn near Livingston Street & Smith Street.
o Public Transportation Directions: Take the N, R or M train to
the Lawrence
Street Station; the G train to the Hoyt Street & Schermerhorn
Street Station;
the A, F or C train to the Jay Street Station; the 2, 3, 4 or 5
train to the
Borough Hall Station. Take the B67, B41 or B45 bus line to
Livingston Street
& Smith Street; the B63 or B65 bus line to Atlantic Avenue &

Smith Street.
o General Info: (347) 404-9400
16) Midtown Community Court
o Location: The Midtown Community Court is located at 314
West 54th Street.
o Public Transportation Directions: Take the N or R train to the
57th Street
Station; the A, C , D, 1, 9 train to the Columbus Circle Station.
o General Info: 646-264-1300
17) New York County (Manhattan)
o Location: The New York (Manhattan) Criminal Court has 2
Locations
approximately three blocks south of Canal Street. The Criminal
Court
building at 100 Centre Street is one block from Worth Street
near Leonard
Street & Franklin Street. The Criminal Court building at 346
Broadway is
between Worth Street & Leonard Street.
o Public Transportation Directions: Take the No. 4 or 5 train to
the Brooklyn
Bridge Station; the C, N, R, 6 train to Canal Street; the 1 train
to Franklin
Street. Take the 1, 6 or 15 bus line.

18) Queens County
o Location: The Queens Criminal Court is located at 125-01
Queens Blvd. near
Hoover Avenue & 82nd Avenue. The Summons Part is located
across the
street in the Borough Hall Building.
o Public Transportation Directions: Take the E or F train to the
Union
Turnpike Station. The Q60, Q37, Q74 and Q46 buses all have
stops in close
proximity to the Courthouse.
6
19) Red Hook Community Justice Center
o Location: The Red Hook Community Justice Center is located
at 88-94
Visitation Place, Brooklyn.
o Public Transportation Directions: The B61 bus stops a half
block from the
Justice Center, you may take the A,C or F subways to Jay
St/Borough Hall

and transfer to the B61.
20) Richmond County (Staten Island)
o Location: The Richmond (Staten Island) Criminal Court
Building is located
at 67 Targee Street between Frean & Purroy Streets.
o Public Transportation Directions: From the Ferry Terminal
take the S74
bus to Broad Street & Gordon Street or the S78 bus to Broad
Street &
Thompkins Avenue. The Courthouse is located approximately
four blocks
from either bus stop.
The List of New York City Courts in the United States Federal
Court System
6. United States District Court, Southern District of New York
o Location: Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse,
500 Pearl
Street, New York, NY 10007-1312
o Public Transportation Directions: Take a #4, 5 or 6 subway
downtown to
Brooklyn Bridge/City Hall Station. Exit at the rear of the
platform, towards
the last car of the subway train. When you come up above

ground you will be
standing in Foley Square. Pearl Street will be across the square.
The
courthouse is located 1/2 block down Pearl Street in a new high-
rise building.
However, for security purposes, you must use the WORTH
STREET
entrance. Worth Street is at the top, or north end, of Foley
Square, on the left
side of the two large courthouses. Go right on Worth Street for
1 block to the
courthouse.
7. The U. S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
o Location: 40 Centre Street (40 Foley Square), New York, NY
10007.
o Public Transportation Directions: 40 Centre Street (40 Foley
Square) is
located two blocks east of Broadway and one block north of
Chambers Street,
at the Brooklyn Bridge 4, 5, and 6 subway stop, and two blocks
east of Church
Street, near the A and C subway stop. OR Take the #4, 5 or 6
Subway to
Brooklyn Bridge/City Hall Station. If headed south, exit at the
rear of the

platform, toward the last car of the subway train. If headed
north, exit at the
front of the platform, toward the first car of the subway train.
You will exit the
subway station at Foley Square. OR Take the A or C Subway, to
the
Chambers Street Station. Walk east on Chambers Street for four
blocks. Make
a left on Centre Street to Foley Square. OR Take the #1, 2 or 3
Subway to
Chambers Street. Walk east on Chambers Street for three
blocks. Make a left
on Centre Street to Foley Square.
7

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