Environmental Problems and Issues with Emphasis on Ecology

"Environmental Problems and Issues with Emphasis on Ecology"

Module I: State of the World Human Population Earth Capital – Natural Resources Renewable – Solar, Wind Non-renewable – Coal, Oil Potentially Renewable – water, soil Ecosystem Services – Processes Biogeochemical Cycles Redundancy & Biodiversity Environmental Degradation Society and Fossil Fuels

Source: Dr. BabatundeOsotimehin, UNFPA Executive Director, July 112, 2011 ,[object Object]

215 million women in developing countries who want to plan and space their births but do not have access to modern contraception. Together we can prevent the deaths of 1,000 women every day from complications of pregnancy and childbirth,[object Object]

As the most interconnected population, young people are already transforming society, politics and culture. By more actively engaging women and young people, we can build a better future for all generations.,[object Object]

Japan 127,[object Object]

Congo, Dem. Rep. 166,[object Object]

Countries With the Oldest Populations, 2010 OL DEST % AGES 65+ Japan 22.6 Germany 20.5 Italy 20.4 Sweden 18.3 Greece 18.3 Portugal 17.9 Bulgaria 17.6 Austria 17.6 Latvia 17.4 Belgium 17.4

Today, Global Population Adds Another Billion at Record Rates. Source: Population Reference Bureau estimates and projections; and UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision (2009).

Earth Capital – Natural Resources Natural resources occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form. A natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity and geodiversity existent in various ecosystem. Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways.

Earth Capital – Natural Resources Rainforest on Fatu-Hiva, Marquesas Islands is an example of an undisturbed natural resource

Earth Capital – Natural Resources The Upsala Glacier in the Santa Cruz Province of Argentina is an example of a natural resource.

Classification On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into: Biotic – Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere, such as forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms. Mineral fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed organic matter. Abiotic – Abiotic resources include non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and minerals including ores such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.

Considering their stage of development, natural resources may be referred to in the following ways: Potential Resources– Potential resources are those that exist in a region and may be used in the future. For example, petroleum may exist in many parts of India, having sedimentary rocks but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. Actual Resources– Actual resources are those that have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved. Reserve Resources– The part of an actual resource which can be developed profitably in the future is called a reserve resource. Stock Resources– Stock resources are those that have been surveyed but cannot be used by organisms due to lack of technology. For example. hydrogen

With respect to renewability, natural resources can be categorized as follows: Renewable resourcesare ones that can be replenished or reproduced easily. Some of them, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is not affected by human consumption. Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining a flow. Some of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal; others, like water, take a comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take even longer. Non-renewable resourcesare formed over very long geological periods. Minerals and fossil fuels are included in this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them. But coal and petroleum cannot be recycled

On the basis of availability, natural resources can be categorized as follows: Inexhaustible natural resources- Those resources which are present in unlimited quantity in nature and are not likely to be exhausted easily by human activity are inexhaustible natural resources (sunlight, air etc.) Exhaustible natural resources- The amount of these resources are limited. They can be exhausted by human activity in the long run (coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.)

On the basis of distribution, natural resources can be classified as follows: Ubiquitous resources- Resources that are found everywhere are called ubiquitous resources. For example land, air Localized resources- Resources that are found only at certain places are called localized resources. For example minerals, fossil fuels

Some examples of natural resources include the following: air, wind and atmosphere

Bangui Windmills Bangui Windmills are located in Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. It is also known as the NorthWind Bangui Bay Project, a project by the NorthWind Development Corporation as a practice renewable energy sources and to help reduce the greenhouse gases that cause global warming. The project is the first “Wind Farm” in the Philippines consisting of wind turbines on-shore facing the South China Sea and considered to be the biggest in Southeast Asia. The project sells electricity to the Ilocos Norte Electric Cooperative (INEC) and provides 40% of the power requirements of Ilocos Norte via Transco Laoag

Some examples of natural resources include the following: Animals Eagle Reptile Sea animal

Some examples of natural resources include the following: coal, fossil, rock and mineral resources Definition: Coal is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. Coal is a readily combustible black or brownish-black rock. It is a sedimentary rock, but the harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rocks because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. It is composed primarily of carbon along with assorted other elements, including sulfur. It is the largest single source of fuel for the generation of electricity world-wide, as well as one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions, which is considered the primary cause of global warming. Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, either underground mining or open pit mining (surface mining). coal

Some examples of natural resources include the following: fossil fuel Fossil fuels are created from organic material that was created millions of years ago. Petroleum, a fossil fuel gets its name from two words, "petra" meaning rock and "oleum" which means oil. Petroleum is drilled in order to search for oil. Also to determine the size of a reserve, as well as to produce oil and gas at a controlled rate. On March 11, 2002 we learned the difference between gasoline engines and diesel engines. Gasoline engines give low power, low efficiency, are quiet, have an easy cold start, cause less pollution, controlled emissions, and easily converted. Diesel engines give high power, high efficiency, are noisy, difficult cold start, more pollution, and it is more difficult to control emissions.

During transportation accidents can occur and are pretty much routine. This causes massive pollution of the seas. Preparation or refining creates refuse and sludge from coal cleaning plants. With petroleum air and water pollution are caused. In storage, gasoline leaks in underground tanks at gas stations are a threat. During end use, pollutants from combustion occur. Also, the release of sulfur and nitrogen oxides pose a threat. ,[object Object]

Environmental Problems and Issues with Emphasis on Ecology

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Environmental Problems and Issues with Emphasis on Ecology