My master class on 4th June 2015 in Paris, during the conference Doctors 2.0 & You

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Jose M. Guerrero
jm@infoseg.com
Dr. Iris Thiele Isip Tan
Margot Vanfleteren

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Takeaways
1. Mind mapping increases substantially productivity and recall. A
minimum of 15% in recall and 20% in productivity.
2. Mind mapping is the best way to organize, analyze, create and
exchange complex information
3. Mind mapping reduces / eliminates communication errors
4. The creation of mind maps can be automated and personalized
5. Both patients and physicians benefit from the use of mind
mapping

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Components of the Master Class
1. Introduction to mind mapping
2. Mind mapping automation
3. Usefulness of mind mapping
4. Five applications for patients and five for physicians
5. Discussion and analysis

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Graphical technique for visualizing
hierarchical connections between
several items of information. Each item
of information is written down and then
linked by lines to the other pieces thus
creating a network of relationships.
They are always organized around a
single central idea.
A mind map is a diagram created by
mind mapping

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Similar to mind mapping but without
the limitation of a single central idea.

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Version of mind mapping without the strict limitations imposed on mind maps in the 1970s
and more useful in professional environments.

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Topic Containing a short text and an icon or image
Note Long text
Hyperlink Link to wep pages or other maps
Attachment PDF, sound, video,…
Callout Visual comment on a topic
Spreadsheet
Chart
Relationship Link between two topics

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Mac
Windows iPad, iPod, iPhone Android
Web

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A. Information overload
B. Attention
C. Excess of linear text
D. Access to complex information in web sites
E. Errors

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• An increasing amount of information is being produced and
we cannot cope with it. Books, articles, newspapers, TV,
video, internet, e-mail, blogs, mail, clinical information.
• Our working memory has a limited capacity
• Irrelevant information occupies space in the working memory
• We have problems to filter irrelevant information

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• Middle frontal gyrus
• Intraparietal sulcus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/FMRI_s
can_during_working_memory_tasks.jpg
“Working memory is a system
for temporarily storing and
managing the information
required to carry out complex
cognitive tasks such as learning,
reasoning, and comprehension.”
MedicineNet.com

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• Attention is needed to analyze all the information we
receive
• We need working memory to control our attention
• The brain cannot multitask when it comes to paying
attention

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• Controlled attention
• Stimulus-driven attention
• Arousal

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http://promedmail.isid.org/direct.php?id=3316151

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Areas responsible for
controlled attention
Areas
responsible
for stimulus-
driven
attention
Working
memory
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_-_Lateral_Left.png#

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• It is difficult to understand and analyze
• It does not offer a sense of perspective
or structure
• It does not show the relationship
between parts of the text
• It does not allow us to see the “whole
picture”

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• It is difficult to see the “whole picture”
• It is difficult to have a sense of perspective
or structure
• We experience a loss of context (we need
“breadcrumbs” navigation)
Reason: Short Term Memory limitations 7 ± 2

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“premature deaths associated with preventable harm to
patients was estimated at more than 400,000 per year” (US
only)
A New, Evidence-based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated with Hospital
Care.
John T. James, PhD
Journal of Patient Safety: September 2013 - Volume 9 - Issue 3 - p 122–128
A substantial part of them attributable to the excessive use of linear text
or the lack of use of more visual techniques.

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Ἡδὲμόνοντοῖςλόγοιςψιλοῖςἡτοῖςμέτροιςκαὶτούτ
οιςεἴτμιγνῦσαμετἀλλήλωνεἴθἑνίτινιγένειχρωμέ
νητῶνμέτρωνἀνώνυμοςτυγχάνειοὖσαμέχριτοῦ
νῦνοὐδὲνγὰρἂνἔχοιμενὀνομάσαικοινὸντοὺςΣ
ώφρονοςκαὶΞενάρχουμίμουςκαὶτοὺςΣωκρατικ
οὺςλόγουςοὐδὲεἴτιςδιὰτριμέτρωνἢἐλεγείωνἢτ
ῶνἄλλωντινῶντῶντοιούτωνποιοῖτοτὴνμίμησιν
Πλὴνοἱἄνθρωποίγεσυνάπτοντεςτῶιμέτρωιτὸπ
οιεῖνἐλεγειοποιοὺςτοὺςδὲἐποποιοὺςὀνοάζουσι
νοὐχὡςκατὰτὴνμίμησινποιητὰςἀλλὰκοινῆικατὰ
τὸμέτρονπροσαγορεύοντεςκαὶγὰρἂνἰατρικὸνἢ
φυσικόντιδιὰτῶνμέτρωνἐκφέρωσινοὕτωκαλεῖν
εἰώθασινοὐδὲνδὲκοινόνἐστινὉμήρωικαὶἘμπεδ
οκλεῖπλὴντὸμέτρονδιὸτὸνμὲνποιητὴνδίκαιονκ
αλεῖντὸνδὲφυσιολόγονμᾶλλονἢποιητήνὉμοίω
ςδὲκἂνεἴτιςἅπαντατὰμέτραμιγνύωνποιοῖτοτὴν
μίμησινκαθάπερΧαιρήμωνἐποίησεΚένταυρον
μικτὴνῥαψωιδίανἐξἁπάντωντῶνμέτρωνκαὶ
ποιητὴνπροσαγορευτέον
Arbor Porphyriana by BoethiusAristotle's Categories
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Arbor_porphyrii_%28probably_from_o
ne_of_Boethius%27_translations%29.pngComplex information

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Abraham’s family
tree.
Different shapes
and colors.
Commentarius in Apocalypsin - Codex of Fernando I and Doña Sancha
Biblioteca Nacional de España
.
Big amount of simple
information

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First use of icons in a mind map Reproduction

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Arbor
Scientiae
First use of
sub-maps
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Arbor-scientiae.png

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Epiphanie Medicorum. One of the first uses of MM in medicine
Det Kongelige Bibliotek Danemark http://www.kb.dk/en/index.html

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Tree of Proportions
and Proportionality
De Divina Proportione. Luca Pacioli. 1509
Biblioteca Nacional de España

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Semantic_Net.svg
Origin of modern
mind mapping

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Conceptmap.png

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Popularization of mind mapping. “Rules” of MM
Some ideas taken from the semantic networks theory

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• Start in the centre with an image of the topic, using at least 3 colours.
• Use images, symbols, codes and dimensions throughout your Mind
Map.
• Select key words and print using upper or lower case letters.
• Each word/image must be alone and sitting on its own line.
• The lines must be connected, starting from the central image. The
central lines are thicker, organic and flowing, becoming thinner as they
radiate out from the centre.
• Make the lines the same length as the word/image.
• Use colours – your own code – throughout the Mind Map.
• Develop your own personal style of Mind Mapping.
• Use emphasis and show associations in your Mind Map.
• Keep the Mind Map clear by using radial hierarchy, numerical order or
outlines to embrace your branches.

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To avoid the limitations of the rules imposed by Tony Buzan

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Complex insurance statistics.
Data extracted from a Visual FoxPro database.
Mind map sent by email to a transport company.

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Archicebus achilles (Xijun Ni / Chinese Academy of Sciences)

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http://flickr.com/photos/7831657@N07/3319200530

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Blackberries_by_Hanney_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1469378.jpg

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/FOXP2_with_codons_01-fr.png

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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sumerian_account_of_silver_for_the_govenor.JPG

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The size of our
brain has not
changed in the
last 40,000 years.
Writing is learned,
but language is
acquired.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebral_lobes.png
With linear text we only
use one half of the brain

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People
remember
pictures better
than words.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/A_picture_is_worth_a_thousand_words.jpg

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Resistors color code
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Resistors_color_code.jpg

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“Adults learn most effectively when they can form a connection
between newly and previously acquired knowledge”
Hippocampus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg

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(Left) Fusiform gyrus
“reading acquisition partially
recycles a cortical territory
evolved for object and face
recognition”
The unique role of the visual
word form area in reading.
Dehaene and Cohen. 2011
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Fusiform_gyrus_animation.gif

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More difficult to identify words by shape. More noise.
Easier to identify words by shape. Less noise.

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• MM uses chunking: Better navigation without context loss by using
collapse and expansion of branches
• The right mix of visuals and text
• The “whole view” and the details at the same time
• Everything in the same screen (no screen changes)
• MM uses stimulus-driven attention
• Reduces or eliminates errors in understanding

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• Historical reasons
• MM automation was not available until recently
• Irrationality (*)
(*) “Predictably Irrational” Dan Ariely 2008

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• Data bases
• Text files
• Content of websites
• From any kind of information (text,
images, videos, sound,…)

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Health record
Lab test
Discharge instructions
Pre-operative
instructions
Drug interactions
…

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Fatal1ty-gaming-headset-by-creative.jpg

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rheumatoid arthritis medications

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https://emotiv.com/

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Fast image processing in the brain
+ Collapse / Expand branches
+ Hierarchical organization
+ Chunking
+ Whole-view and detail-view at the same time
+ Viewable relationship between the parts
+ multimedia
+ 1 single compressed file, easy to email or FTP
+ online collaboration

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• 15% improvement in recall (*)
• 20-50% improvement in productivity (**)
* The efficacy of the ‘mind map’ study technique. Medical Education.
Farrand P, Hussain F, Hennessy E. (2002)
** The compelling business advantages of Mind Mapping software.
http://mindmappingsoftwareblog.com/mindmapping-software-compelling-advantages/.
http://ezinearticles.com/?Boeing,-Oracle,-EDS,-And-Other-High-Profile-Companies-Have-Drawn-
Great-Benefits-from-Mind-Mapping&id=106728

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• Personal Health Record
• Medicine labels
• Pre-operative instructions
• Discharge instructions
• Post-diagnosis instructions
•

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• They need special software only available in
certain places (hospitals, doctors’ offices)
• Or only where high quality internet access is
available
• Patients usually require training to use them
• Context loss when visualizing the information

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Medicine labeling and packaging issues is the primary cause of
33% of all medication errors
30% of deaths from medication errors
At least one and a half million serious, preventable medication errors
every year in the US
In hospitals alone, medication errors lead to at least $3.5 billion of
needless medical costs
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. 2006.

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“The use of pictorial aids enhances patients’ understanding
of how they should take their medications, particularly when
pictures are used in combination with written or oral
instructions.”
Use of pictorial aids in medication instructions: A review of the literature
Katz MG et al. Am J Health-Syst Pharm—Vol 63 Dec 1, 2006

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• Little information
• Boring linear text
• No structure
• Easy to miss important information

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• Little information
• Lack of structure
• Missing information
• Lack of answers to common questions

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• Very little or no info about the illness
• Very little or no info about drug interactions
• Very little or no info about diet
• Very little or no info about exercise
• Very few or no answers to common questions

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• SBAR
• Big Data visualization
• Open Data visualization
• Management reporting
• Sientific articles analysis

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• Mistakes in shift changes
• Mistakes in handoffs
• Mistakes in patient transfers
• Mistakes in communications

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• After processing Big Data, you still have lots of
linear information
• Lack of structure
• Context loss

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• Information processed with R
• Results visualized with Mind Mapping
automation

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• The web site has already created XML files containing
all the relevant information
• The user of the web site selects items of information
and an ad hoc XML file is created
Finally, the XML file is converted into a mind map by using mind
mapping automation.

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• Too much linear information
• Lack of structure
• Loss of context

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• Lots of complex articles to read
• Information overload
• Foreign languages
• Lack of agreement on the main points

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Eight people
read and
analyze the
same article
8 x 6 = 48 hours

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1 person reads and analyzes the article 6 hours
The same person creates the mind map 2 hours
The other 7 people read and analyze the mind map 7 * 2 = 14 hours
Total time per article = 6 + 2 + 14 = 22 hours
Savings = 26 hours per article 54%
100 articles/year
Savings = 2,600 hours/year/team

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• Lab test results
• Medical bills to individuals and
companies
• Diets
• Patient data collection
• Differential diagnosis
• Bioinformatics (Entrez, Blast,…)
• New drug discovery
• Drug interactions

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José María Guerrero Franco
jm@infoseg.com
@InfosegS
https://es.linkedin.com/in/josemguerrero2012
http://www.slideshare.net/jmgf2009/presentations
http://www.infoseg.com/mi_01_en.shtml