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- 1. The Science of Psychology The Science of Psychology The Science of Psychology
- 2. Section 1: History of Psychology- Part I • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 1. How did psychology develop from its prescientific roots in early understandings of mind and body to the beginnings of modern science? 2. When and how did modern psychological science begin? 2 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about the development of modern psychology In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can analyze the development of modern psychology, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated with the development of modern psychology, but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in level 2.
- 3. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions How is psychology defined? • Define psychology in your words… 1.1 What defines psychology and what are its four primary goals?
- 4. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions How is psychology defined? • Psychology is… the scientific study of… –behavior and… –mental processes 1.1 What defines psychology and what are its four primary goals?
- 5. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Fact or Falsehood… 1. Questions about human nature date back to the speculations of the ancient philosopher Aristotle. 2. Sigmund Freud established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Vienna, Austria. 3. The science of psychology developed from the more established fields of biology and philosophy. 4. Psychology is best defined today as the study of mental life. 5. Psychology is a way of asking and answering questions 6. The biggest and most persistent issue in psychology concerns the nature-nurture controversy—that is, the relative contributions of biology and experience to psychological traits and behavior. 7. Evolution has become an important principle for psychology. 8 .In contrast to sociology and anthropology, contemporary psychology has little interest in how behavior varies across cultures. 9. Psychology’s different perspectives contradict each other. 10. Psychiatry is a branch of psychology that involves the assessment and treatment of psychological disorders.
- 6. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions What are the goals of Psychology? Control Explanation Description Prediction
- 7. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions What is Psychology? • The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. • A blend of Philosophy and Biology • Started with the Greeks (psyche = soul) • The idea that the Mind and Brain are different • Gained its scientific roots in 1879 with Wundt’s first laboratory in Germany. 7 Section 1
- 8. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions What is Psychology? • The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. • A blend of Philosophy and Biology • Started with the Greeks (psyche = soul) • The idea that the Mind and Brain are different • Gained its scientific roots in 1879 with Wundt’s first laboratory in Germany. 8 Section 1
- 9. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions How are mind & body related? • Philosophers – Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) Empiricism • connection between soul and body; knowledge = memory of experiences – Plato (427 - 347 B.C.) Nativism (Born with knowledge) • dualism – body and soul are separate but interrelated – Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) (Agreed with Plato) • modified dualism – mind and body have reciprocal interaction via pineal gland • John Locke (empirical advocate) – The mind is a blank slate at birth “tabula rosa” – We learn from our experiences Francis Bacon (empirical advocate) – Philospher and Scientific Method advocate • How do mind and body interact?
- 10. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Wave One: Introspection Kickin it old school •Started with William Wundt’s first psychological laboratory and his concept of introspection (structuralism). “Father of Psychology” •Then William James wrote The Principles of Psychology and discussed functionalism. •In reality these ideas do not have much impact on how psychologists think today.
- 11. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions 1.2 How did structuralism and functionalism differ? What is structuralism? THO EXPERIENCE EMOTION Wilhelm Wundt Father of Psychology; observed “atoms of the mind” through the first psychology laboratory & experiment involving reaction time and perception speed- first to gather data
- 12. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Wundt’s Experiment in Psychophysics 12
- 13. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Edward Titchener What is structuralism? (Cornell University) Structuralism- using introspection to explore the structure of the mind (mostly touch, vision, and hearing) •“Tell me about things that are yellow.”
- 14. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions What Is Structuralism?
- 15. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions What is structuralism? Margaret Washburn •First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology (1894) •Author of The Animal Mind
- 16. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions • William James – “stream of thought” vs. elements of mind – Functionalism-How mental and behavioral processes function (help the organism to adapt and survive); First psychology textbook- Principles of Psychology What is functionalism?
- 17. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions How did Psychology Develop in Post-Scientific Times? 17 • G. Stanley Hall (Johns Hopkins University) – First President of APA; first American Psychology Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University • Mary Whiton Calkins – APA’s first female president, had credit for Ph.D., but Harvard would not issue it. (before Washburn) Max Wertheimer- credited with establishing the Gestalt School of Psychology
- 18. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions How did Psychology Develop in Post-Scientific Times?
- 19. Learning Goal (s): 1. How did psychology develop from its prescientific roots in early understandings of mind and body to the beginnings of modern science? 2. When and how did modern psychological science begin? 19 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about the development of modern psychology In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can analyze the development of modern psychology, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated with the development of modern psychology, but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in level 2.
- 20. Section 2: History of Psychology- Part II • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 1. How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today? 20 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about how psychology continued to develop from 1920 through today, In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can analyze how psychology continued to develop from 1920 through today, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated with how psychology continued to develop from 1920 through today), but need to review this concept more. 1.0 I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in level 2.
- 21. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Section 1: Test Your Knowledge 21 • Who do you feel was most influential in developing psychology? Why?
- 22. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Wave 2: • What does it mean when people say that the “whole is greater than the sum of the parts”? 1.3 Basic ideas and important people in early approaches
- 23. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology • Led by Max Wertheimer, these guys focused not on how we feel, but on how we experience the world. • The whole of an experience can be more than the sum of its parts. Think for a moment of all the reasons that you love your mom. If you add all those reasons up, do they equal your love for your mom? Hopefully not!!! This may seem like one picture, but it can be perceived as 3 different faces. Can you find them?
- 24. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt - “good form” – Gestalt psychologists believe that people naturally seek out patterns (“wholes”) in available sensory information • Gestalt principles are also relevant to cognitive issues such as learning, memory, problem-solving and relationships.
- 25. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Wave Three: Psychoanalysis • This wave of thinking started with Sigmund Freud (in the early 1900’s). • In a nutshell, during this time period people believed that most of your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious. • We protect ourselves from our real feeling by using defense mechanisms.
- 26. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions What is psychoanalysis? Sigmund Freud • Neurologist in late 18th century Vienna • Psychoanalysis – insight therapy for fear & anxiety – unconscious – early childhood
- 27. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Psychoanalytic Perspective: An Example 27 • What do you see here? Different people have different unconscious thoughts and urges, which result in seeing different things.
- 28. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Wave Four: Behaviorism • During this time period (early to mid 1900s), people started to ignore how you feel inside. • All that mattered was how you acted. • If you they could change your behavior, who cares how you feel. • Very popular during the conservative 1950’s when social appearance mattered more than self expression.
- 29. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Watson believed fears are learned via experience. Fear is learned when a neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus like a loud noise. Behaviorism: Babies and Rats This sounds really bizarre–what does scaring a baby have to do with the science of psychology?
- 30. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions “Observable behavior=observable stimuli and responses”-Watson
- 31. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Behaviorism: Rewards and consequences weaken or strengthen behavior.
- 32. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Section 3: Test Your Knowledge 32 • Using the matching handout- match the person with the description.
- 33. Learning Goal (s): 1. How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today? 33 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about how psychology continued to develop from 1920 through today, In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can analyze how psychology continued to develop from 1920 through today, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated with how psychology continued to develop from 1920 through today), but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in level 2.
- 34. Section 3: Psychology’s Perspectives • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 1. What are psychology’s levels of analysis and related perspectives? 34 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about psychology’s modern perspectives In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can analyze psychology’s modern perspectives, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated with psychology’s modern perspectives, but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in level 2.
- 35. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
- 36. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
- 37. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
- 38. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
- 39. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Wave Five is made up of about 7 different perspectives. In other words, psychologists today, pick and choose from about 7 schools of thought to help you with your problems. Thus we have: THE SEVEN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
- 40. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Psychoanalytic Perspective • Focuses on the unconscious mind. • We repress many of our true feelings and are not aware of them. • In order to get better, we must bring forward the true feelings we have in our unconscious. If a man has intimacy issues and cannot form relationships with others. What do you think someone from this school may think? Perhaps they may delve into the man’s unconscious and discover that he was bullied when he were younger. The bullying may have caused fear in getting close to others.
- 41. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Cognitive Perspective • Focuses on how we think (or encode information) • How do we see the world? • How did we learn to act to sad or happy events? • Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you think. You meet a girl… Hopes are high!!! She rejects you… don’t even get digits. How do you react to the rejection? Some learned get back on the horse And try again. Some learned to give up and live a lonely life of solitude.
- 42. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Behavioral Perspective • Focuses on observable behaviors while putting feelings to the side. • We behave in ways because we have been conditioned to do so. • To change behaviors, we have to recondition the client. Pretend that you fail psychology class. You become depressed. In turn, you begin to binge and gain weight. What do you think a behaviorist may do? They would probably ignore the fact that you are depressed and just focus on your overeating. Maybe make you run a mile every time you eat over 2000 calories.
- 43. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Behavioral Perspective (Operant conditioning)
- 44. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions According to the Big Bang Theory…
- 45. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Humanist Perspective • Peaked in the late 190’s and 70’s….so it focused on spirituality and free will. • We have to strive to be the best we can be “self- actualization”. • Happiness is defined by the distance between our “self- concept” and “ideal self”.
- 46. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Biopsychology (Neuroscience/Biological) Perspective • All of your feelings and behaviors have a biological cause. • In other words, they come from your brain, body chemistry, neurotransmitters, etc… Let us imagine for a second that your dog died (sad but it will happen). You become depressed. You stop eating and sleeping. What would a psychologist from this school say is going on and how might they help you?
- 47. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Social-Cultural Perspective • Says that much of your behavior and your feelings are dictated by the culture you live in. • Some cultures kiss each other when greeting, some just bow. • Does your culture place value on individual or the group?
- 48. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Evolutionary Perspective • Focuses on Darwinism. • We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. • Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival. How could this behavior ensured Homer’s ancestors survival?
- 49. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Psychology’s Basic Perspectives 49 • Biological – How hormones, drugs, neurotransmitters and brain structures influence the body and behavior • Evolutionary (Darwin, James) – How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes (survival of the fittest) • Psychodynamic (Freud, Jung) – How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts • Behavioral (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner) – How we learn through observable responses and consequences; states that learning is automatic and thoughtless • Cognitive (Beck, Ellis) – Behavior is influenced by how a person thinks and remembers • Social-Cultural – How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures • Biopsychosocial – An eclectic approach to explain behavior in terms of multiple systems. Perspectives seek to explain behavior- for example: why would people cheat on a spouse? Can you explain why someone would develop an eating disorder using each of these perspectives?
- 50. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Short Answer Question: • Suppose Kathy has depression. Explain her depression using two or more of the modern perspectives in psychology.
- 51. Learning Goal (s): 1. What are psychology’s levels of analysis and related perspectives? 51 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about psychology’s modern perspectives In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can analyze psychology’s modern perspectives, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated with psychology’s modern perspectives, but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in level 2.
- 52. Section 4: Psychology’s Subfields • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 1. What are psychology’s main subfields? 52 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about, with the division of the subfields within psychology In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can analyze with the division of the subfields within psychology, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated with the division of the subfields within psychology, but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in level 2.
- 53. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Types of Psychologists Mr. Burnes53 • Basic Research Psychologists – Work mostly for colleges in academics – Conduct research in the psychology field • Applied Psychologists – Most Numerous – Clinical Psychologists • Psychiatrists – Medical Doctors who focus on the brain and medicine – Only person in the field allowed to write prescriptions
- 54. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Subfields of Psychology 54 • Research-Based Fields Psychologist What he/she does Biological Explore the links between brain and mind. Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Personality Investigate our persistent traits. Social Explore how we view and affect one another.
- 55. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Subfields of Psychology Mr. Burnes55 • Applied Fields Psychologist What she does Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace and job applicants.
- 56. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Section 3 and 4: Test Your Knowledge 1 56 • Please finish the matching handout!
- 57. Learning Goal (s): 1. What are psychology’s main subfields? 57 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about, with the division of the subfields within psychology In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can analyze with the division of the subfields within psychology, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated with the division of the subfields within psychology, but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in level 2.
- 58. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Section 3: Test Your Knowledge 1 58 Use a perspective to explain Andrea Yate’s behavior…
- 59. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Section 3: Test Your Knowledge 59 • What do you think were the causes of Andrea’s actions? • Was Andrea responsible for the killing of her children? Why or why not? • How should society determine whether disturbed persons who commit crimes should be punished or provided therapy?
- 60. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions Did You Know… 1. An average human experiences 70,000 thoughts per day? 2. The average human brain weighs 3 pounds? 3. Our brains knows to raise our hand before we think about raising our hand. 4. We can only dream about faces we have already seen, whether we actively remember them or not? 5. Men change their minds 2 -3 times more often than women? 6. 5 minutes after waking up you’ve forgotten 50% of your dream, 90% is gone after 10 minutes? 7. Neural messages in the brain can travel at 268 miles per hour? 8. On average women say 25,500 words a day, while men say 12,500? 9. Women are better than men at recognizing faces? 10. People tend to pick partners with the same size nose and eyes about the same distance apart?
- 61. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions • How might the four goals of psychology be relevant to the research shown here? description explanation prediction control
- 62. SettingsSci Method TrendsProfessionals Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions
Notas do Editor
- Psychology - scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior - outward or overt actions and reactions. Mental processes - internal, covert activity of our minds. Psychology is a science Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations Precise and careful measurement
- Psychology - scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior - outward or overt actions and reactions. Mental processes - internal, covert activity of our minds. Psychology is a science Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations Precise and careful measurement
- 1. T(p.2) 2. F(p.4) 3. T(p.6) 4. F(p.7) 5. T(p.7) 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. F
- Description What is happening? Explanation Why is it happening? Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts Prediction Will it happen again? Control How can it be changed?
- Discuss Mind and Brain being different: Ask students how they are different?
- Discuss Mind and Brain being different: Ask students how they are different?
- The center of Raphael's famous fresco, "The School of Athens" in the Vatican Museum, Vatican City/Rome.
- Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) set up the first psychological laboratory in an apartment near the university at Leipzig, Germany. Wundt trained subjects in introspection—the subjects were asked to record accurately their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli. Through this process, Wundt hoped to examine basic cognitive structures. He eventually described his theory of structuralism—the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations.
- Wilhelm Wundt Father of Psychology; observed “atoms of the mind” through the first psychology laboratory & experiment involving reaction time and perception speed- first to gather data In that year, Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) set up the first psychological laboratory in an apartment near the university at Leipzig, Germany. Wundt trained subjects in introspection—the subjects were asked to record accurately their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli. Through this process, Wundt hoped to examine basic cognitive structures. He eventually described his theory of structuralism—the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations. Structuralism - focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory Germany in 1879 Developed the technique of objective introspection – process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities.
- Conduct something similar to his experiment (Class Activity)
- Structuralism - focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory Germany in 1879 Developed the technique of objective introspection – process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities. Edward Titchener Wundt’s student; brought structuralism to America. Margaret Washburn Titchener’s student; first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. Structuralism died out in early 1900s.
- In 1879 psychology began as a science of its own in Germany with the establishment of Wundt’s psychology laboratory. He developed the technique of objective introspection.
- Margaret Washburn Titchener’s student; first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.
- Stream of thought Unlike Wundt and Titchener, James believed that trying to study consciousness was like trying to study the wind. Conscious ideas are constantly flowing in an ever-changing stream, and once you start thinking about what you were just thinking about, what you were thinking about is no longer what you were thinking about, it’s what you are thinking about, and . . . excuse me, I’m a little dizzy. I think you get the picture, anyway. Functionalism - how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. Proposed by William James. Where did psychology go from there? Influenced the modern fields of: Educational psychology Evolutionary psychology Industrial/organizational psychology
- G. Stanley Hall (1844– 1924), pioneered the study of child development and was the first president of the American Psychological Association. William James admitted the first woman student Mary Calkins to Harvard and tutored her. Despite his efforts she was not able to attain her PhD from Harvard.
- Gestalt psychologists like Max Wertheimer (1880–1943) argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures. Gestalt psychology tried to examine a person’s total experience because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences. Gestalt theorists demonstrated that the whole experience is often more than just the sum of the parts of the experience. A painting can be represented as rows and columns of points of color, but the experience of the painting is much more than that.
- if you ask someone to name a famous psychologist, he or she will most likely name Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Freud revolutionized psychology with his psychoanalytic theory. While treating patients for various psychosomatic complaints, Freud believed he discovered the unconscious mind—a part of our mind over which we do not have conscious control that determines, in part, how we think and behave. Freud believed that this hidden part of ourselves builds up over the years through repression—the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cause so much anxiety and tension that our conscious mind cannot deal with them.
- Freud believed that to understand human thought and behavior truly, we must examine the unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques. While many therapists still use some of Freud’s basic ideas in helping clients, Freud has been criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories. Psychoanalysis - the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud. Freud’s patients suffered from nervous disorders with no found physical cause. Freud proposed that there is an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push, or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires. He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created nervous disorders. Freud stressed the importance of early childhood experiences.
- John Watson (1878–1958) studied the pioneering conditioning experiments of Ivan Pavlov (1849– 1936). Watson then declared that for psychology to be considered a science, it must limit itself to observable phenomena, not unobservable concepts like the unconscious mind. Watson along with others wanted to establish behaviorism as the dominant paradigm of psychology. Behaviorists maintain that psychologists should look at only behavior and causes of behavior—stimuli (environmental events) and responses (physical reactions)—and not concern themselves with describing elements of consciousness.
- This sounds really bizarre—what does scaring a baby have to do with the science of psychology? Watson wanted to prove that all behavior was a result of a stimulus–response relationship such as that described by Pavlov. At this particular time in history, Freud and his ideas about unconscious motivation were becoming a dominant force, and Watson felt the need to show the world that a much simpler explanation could be found. Although scaring a baby sounds a little cruel, he felt that the advancement of the science of behavior was worth the relatively brief discomfort f the baby. One of Watson’s graduate students later decided to repeat Watson and Rayner’s study but added training that would “cancel out” the phobic reaction of the baby to the white rat. For more on this research, see the section on Classic Studies in Psychology that follows.
- Watson proposed a science of behavior called behaviorism, which focused only on the study of observable stimuli and responses. Watson and Rayner demonstrated that a phobia could be learned by conditioning a baby to be afraid of a white rat. Mary Cover Jones, one of Watson’s more famous students in behaviorism and child development, later demonstrated that a learned phobia could be counterconditioned.
- The Biopsychosocial approach- This is an integrated viewpoint that incorporates various levels of analysis and offers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process.
- The Biopsychosocial approach- This is an integrated viewpoint that incorporates various levels of analysis and offers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process.
- The Biopsychosocial approach- This is an integrated viewpoint that incorporates various levels of analysis and offers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process.
- The Biopsychosocial approach- This is an integrated viewpoint that incorporates various levels of analysis and offers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process.
- Currently, there is no one way of thinking about human thought and behavior that all or even most psychologists share. Many psychologists describe themselves as eclectic—drawing from multiple perspectives. As psychology develops in the new century, perhaps one way of thinking will become dominant. For now, though, psychologists look at thought and behavior from multiple perspectives.
- The psychoanalytic perspective, as described previously, continues to be a part, if a controversial one, of modern psychology. Psychologists using this perspective believe that the unconscious mind—a part of our mind that we do not have conscious control over or access to—controls much of our thought and action. Psychoanalysts would look for impulses or memories pushed into the unconscious mind through repression. This perspective thinks that to understand human thought and behavior, we must examine our unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques. A psychoanalytic psychologist might explain that an introverted person avoids social situations because of a repressed memory of trauma in childhood involving a social situation, perhaps acute embarrassment or anxiety experienced (but not consciously remembered) at school or a party.
- Cognitive psychologists examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events. In this perspective, the rules that we use to view the world are important to understanding why we think and behave the way we do. In the “Developmental Psychology” chapter, you will learn about Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory (1896–1980), which focuses on how our cognitions develop in stages as we mature. A cognitive psychologist might explain a person’s tendency to be extroverted in terms of how he or she interprets social situations.
- Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning. Behaviorists look strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specific behaviors. A behaviorist might explain a person’s tendency to be extroverted in terms of reward and punishment. Was the person rewarded for being outgoing? Was the person punished for withdrawing from a situation or not interacting with others? A behaviorist would look for environmental conditions that caused an extroverted response in the person
- Skinner’s operant conditioning of voluntary behavior became a major force in the twentieth century. He introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism.
- Skinner’s operant conditioning of voluntary behavior became a major force in the twentieth century. He introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism.
- Partially in reaction to the perceived reductionism of the behaviorists, some psychologists tried to describe some mysterious aspects of consciousness again. The humanists, including theorists Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) and Carl Rogers (1902–1987), stressed individual choice and free will. This contrasts with the deterministic behaviorists, who theorized that all behaviors are caused by past conditioning. Humanists believe that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs. A humanistic psychologist might explain that an introverted person may choose to limit social contact with others because he or she finds that social needs are better satisfied by contact with a few close friends rather than large groups. Humanistic theories are not easily tested by the scientific method.
- Biopsychologists explain human thought and behavior strictly in terms of biological processes. Human cognition and reactions might be caused by effects of our genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters in the brain or by a combination of all three. A biopsychologist might explain a person’s tendency to be extroverted as caused by genes inherited from their parents and the genes’ effects on the abundance of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. Biopsychology is a rapidly growing field. Some scientists wonder if the future of psychology might be a branch of the science of biology.
- Social-cultural psychologists look at how our thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in other cultures. They emphasize the influence culture has on the way we think and act. A social-cultural psychologist might explain a person’s tendency to be extroverted by examining his or her culture’s rules about social interaction. How far apart do people in this culture usually stand when they have a conversation? How often do people touch each other while interacting? How much value does the culture place on being part of a group versus being an individual? These cultural norms would be important to a sociocultural psychologist in explaining a person’s extroversion.
- Evolutionary psychologists (also sometimes called sociobiologists) examine human thoughts and actions in terms of natural selection. Some psychological traits might be advantageous for survival, and these traits would be passed down from the parents to the next generation. A psychologist using the evolutionary perspective (based on Charles Darwin’s (1809–1882 theory of natural selection) might explain a person’s tendency to be extroverted as a survival advantage. If a person is outgoing, he or she might make friends and allies. These connections could improve the individual’s chances of survival, which increases the person’s chances for passing this trait for extroversion down to his or her children. The Evolutionary Perspective is similar to (and in some ways a subset of) the Biopsychology Perspective.
- Quick Question: Who was most closely associated with the unconscious perspective?
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation Make sure that the room is quiet and relatively free from distracters. Once this has been done, give the students instructions that include some or all of the following. Keep in mind that you will need about 3 or four minutes to complete this activity. Slowly close your eyes. Take slow, deep breaths in and out. Inhale through the nose and exhale through the mouth-very slowly, so as not to induce dizziness. Breath rhythmically. (Students may need to be reminded of this throughout the exercise.) Focus on the “mind focusing sound.” (Music has been provided for you. However, you may choose another sound if it is more to your liking.) Focus on a single idea. It could be a word or picture or something else. (Encourage students to focus on this thought singularly throughout the exercise but not to worry if other thoughts intrude.) Relax the body. First the neck, then the arms, then the hands, etc. One body part at a time. At the end of the exercise, have students slowly open their eyes. Then have them take their pulse rate again. Go through the same timing procedure that you went through prior to the relaxation exercise. Have students compare their pulse rates before and after. This is a good place to open up a dialogue about the power that the mind has over the body and the role of psychology in maintaining physical health.