Water Restoration and Structural Drying Indoor Air Quality Solutions, IAQS - John Lapotaire, CIEC

Indoor Air Quality Solutions IAQS Copyrighted Presentation 7/24/2011 1

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Indoor Air Quality Solutions IAQS Copyrighted
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Presentation 7/24/2011 3

1 Introduction

2 IICRC S-500

3 Water Restoration Goals

4 Categories of Water Contamination

5 What is Restorative Drying?

6 Restorative Drying Tools

7 The Value of a Trained Professional

Water Restoration

• ANSI/IICRC S500-2006 Standard and
Reference Guide for Professional Water
Damage Restoration – 2006


Water Restoration

• The IICRC Standard for Professional Water
Damage Restoration (ANSI/IICRC S500-
2006) is a procedural standard.
• It is based on reliable restoration
principles, research and practical
experience.


Water Restoration Goals

• The goal of Restorative Structural Drying is
to save structural components including
walls, flooring (not just carpeting!), as well
as contents.
• You will learn how the proper management
of the variables of airflow, temperature, and
humidity can lead to reduced costs of
property losses.

Water Restoration Goals

• You will learn the value of a Balanced
Drying System to quickly and affordably dry
a property
• You will learn why a delayed response of
just a few days can change the scope of
structural drying as the water loss
categories change.


It all Starts with Water

Lets Get Started


Water exists in 3 forms:

• Gas (water vapor)
• Solid (ice)
• Liquid


Sources of Water

• Exterior
Roof leaks
Flooding (@ surface)
Ground water (subsurface)
Pressurization
Diffusion of vapor
Infiltration of vapor

Sources of Water

• Interior
Plumbing systems
Washing
Cooking
Respiration
Plants
Disasters

Liquid Water

• Can cause damage instantaneously
• Damage increases as time elapses
• As time elapses, water changes categories


Categories of Water

• Category 1 - Clean Water
– Broken water pipes, rainwater, etc

• Category 2 - Gray Water
– Contains contamination & microorganisms

– Toilets with urine, sump pumps, dishwashers


Categories of Water

• Category 3 - Black Water
– Contains pathogenic agents

– Sewage, surface water flooding, pesticides


Categories of Water

• Category 1


Category 1 Water

• Category 1 Water - That which is clean at the
releasing source and does not pose a hazard if
consumed by humans.
– Category 1 water may become progressively
contaminated as it mixes with soils on or within
floor coverings or building assemblies
(walls, decking, subflooring).
– Time and temperature, which promote the growth
and amplification of microorganisms in water can
cause Category 1 water to degrade.

Categories of Water

• Category 2


Category 2 Water

• Category 2 Water - That which begins with
some degree of contamination and could
cause
– sickness or discomfort if consumed by humans. As
with Category 1 water, time and temperature can
cause Category 2 water to become progressively
more contaminated.


Categories of Water

• Category 3


Category 3 Water

• Category 3 Water - That which is highly
contaminated and could cause death or
serious illness if consumed by humans.
– Examples: sewage, rising flood water from rivers
and streams, ground surface water flowing
horizontally into homes.


Category 3 Water

• According to the Institute of Inspection
Cleaning and Restoration Certification
(IICRC) standard for professional water
damage restoration (ANSI/IICRC S500-2006),
Category 3 water damage (often called black
water) is water damage to a structure where
the origin is unsanitary or potentially infectious
to humans.

Category 3 Water

• The black water classification also includes
less contaminated water not treated in a
timely manner.
• Category 3 water intrusion can be
subdivided into three levels that will help the
professional restoration business process
the contamination efficiently.


Classes of Water Damage

• Building Wetness involves One of Four
• Determining the Class of water damage is
an essential part of assessing the
procedures necessary to manage how the
drying phase job will proceed.



• Classes of Water – Don’t get the “Class of
Water” mixed up with the “3 Categories of
Water,” because they are not related.
• Determining the Class of Water in a flooded
building directly relates to the initial structural
dehumidification requirements.
• The Class of Water can be either Category 2 or
3 Water.


• Understanding the relative degree of
saturation affecting a wet building helps the
restorer determine the approximate amount
of dehumidification necessary for an efficient
drying system.



• Unless adjusters are specially trained in the
science of building drying, more than likely they
will not have the skills to properly assess the
extent of building saturation and what is
required to bring the building back to a pre-loss
condition before secondary and ensuing
damage occurs.

• However, adjusters are expected to be familiar
with the four Classes of Water Damage

Class I Water Damage

• The least amount of water, absorption and
evaporation: Situations that affect the least
amount of building materials in a room or area.
Generally, only surface water is present where
very little or no carpet and pad are wet.
• A spill on a hardwood floor where water damage
is minimal; a concrete slab has a small amount
of standing water on it; a wet area on a
continuous sheet vinyl, stone or marble floor.

Class II Water Damage

• Large amount of water, absorption and evaporation:
Situations that affect an entire room or many rooms:
Water has absorbed into building materials
including carpet and pad and walls that wicked up
water less than 24-inches.

• Water has migrated across a large area of flooring
and has absorbed into walls and framing; water
saturated subflooring, walls and insulation; water
migrated under vinyl, tile or hardwood flooring;
water is behind cabinets.

Class III Water Damage

• The greatest amount of water, absorption and
evaporation: Situations that affect an entire room or
many rooms from water than may have come from
overhead, such as a roof and ceiling leak, from
storms or pipe break.

• Virtually the entire interior of an affected room or
building is wet including upper walls and ceiling.


Class IV Water Damage

• Specialty situations where wet materials having low
permeance and porosity.

• Deep pockets of saturation exist including
reservoirs of trapped moisture.

• Note: Determining the Class of Water is an
essential part of calculating the amount of initial air
movement and dehumidification capacity required
to manage the anticipated moisture saturation
condition.

Contaminated
Water Restoration

• Dispose
– carpet cushion
– absorbent stuffed fabrics
– Saturated absorbent materials
• Ceiling tile, dry wall, paper, etc.
• Evaluate structural materials for degree of
contamination and physical damage

Contaminated
Water Restoration

• Discard carpet saturated with Category 3
water
• Category 2 water carpet contamination may
be cleaned with hot water extraction and
biocide
• Remove floor if water reached subflooring
– Subflooring must be
cleaned, disinfected, dried

Review: Categories of
Water Damage

• Category 1: Clean Water

• Category 2: Gray Water

• Category 3: Black Water


Categories of
Water Damage

• Category 1: Clean Water
• Category 2: Gray Water (rain, clean water
in dirty carpets, laundry water, water
migrating through building envelope)
• Category 3: Black Water (flooding from
street or river, sewage [bacterial]


Category 3 Water

• Following a Category 3 water loss, a State
Licensed Professional Restoration
Business will use proper
– procedures, techniques, products, and
equipment

– to establish a Balanced Drying System to
help restore property to its pre-loss
condition safely and as rapidly as possible

Time is Critical


Water damage in a
structure exists in 3 forms:

1. Free Water

2. Absorbed Water

3. Adsorbed Water


Free Water

• Refers to standing water
• Easiest to remove


Absorbed Water

• Refers to water that has become part of the
structure due to capillary action
• Requires a building to need supplemental
drying

• Can only be removed by (1)demolition of
saturated materials (2)converting the liquid
into a vapor

Adsorbed Water

• Refers to the chemically bonded water
found naturally in materials
• Removal of adsorbed water damages the
material.


What is Drying?

• Drying is a science, based on established
laws of thermodynamics and laws of gases
• Basically, all states of water seek
equilibrium
– More to Less

– High to Low

– Hot to Cold

Removing Water from
the Structure

• Provide a condition in which water wants to
migrate from one area (where you want to
get rid of it) to an area where it causes no
harm
• Provide tools to change the condition
• Fully understand the materials and area of
water damage

How it all Works……

• Liquid water will flow, seeking its own level
(more to less)
• Water vapor will move, from higher pressure
to lower pressure
• If water can not flow out of building
(drained), then it has to be converted to a
vapor (evaporation)

How it all Works……


The Psychometric Chart

• To properly evaluate temperature, relative
humidity, and grains per pound (or
g/kg), restorers must use a psychometric
chart.
• A trained and licensed restoration
professional will collect temperature and
humidity of the property using a thermal
hygrometer.


• These two readings will establish the
capacity of the air mass (temperature) to
hold moisture and the relative amount of
moisture in the air (relative humidity).
• Employing these two readings the trained
professional can then use the psychometric
chart to calculate the grains per pound of
water vapor in the air.


• The psychometric chart will also provide the
indoor environments dew point.
• The dew point is the temperature at which
the air becomes saturated with moisture
vapor and can hold no more water vapor.
• Calculating the dew point temperature is
important when monitoring the drying cycle
of a structure and wet building materials.

Psychometric Chart


Just a Simple Little Chart
Right?

• Maybe it would be better to trust a Trained
and Licensed Professional to run the
calculations.


Water Damaged
Building Materials
• At the surface of the material, Water
Activity occurs
– (conversion of liquid to vapor-evaporation)
• The further that a liquid has to migrate to the
surface, the longer it takes to dry
• The permeability of a material dictates the
speed of migration
• Water can travel through a material as vapor

Water Activity

Water Activity (aw) =
Equilibrium relative humidity of the
substrate divided by 100
• All building materials have different rates in
which water vapor moves within them
• Water Activity at the surface determines the
evaporation rate.


Removing Water from
Saturated Materials

1. Fully assess and measure the area of
water damage
2. Create a condition in which water wants
to migrate from one area to an area
where it causes no harm
3. Provide tools to change the condition


Drying Tools

• Dehumidifiers- manipulating the specific
humidity to allow the air to accept
additional moisture in the form of vapor
• air movers- prevent “layering” of water
vapor due to weight; and they transport
vapor away from the surface to increase
conversion rates.


Dehumidifiers

• Refrigerant
• Desiccant


Refrigerant Dehumidifier

• Most efficient at optimum
temperature
• Power requirements can
become prohibitive
• Require more monitoring
(labor hours)


Desiccant Dehumidifier

• Use silica gel to attract the moisture out of
the air
• Purges moisture from the building under
positive pressure - can potentially distribute
contaminates


Desiccant Dehumidifier


When is Too Much
Too Much


Basic Guidelines

1. Amount of drying equipment used is
based on the volume of air and air
exchanges
2. It takes a Trained Professional
to understand the drying
process
3. A well planned drying plan will quickly
dry the property and save everyone
both time and a pile of money

The “Air Exchange” rule

• Dehumidification processes the air
• When all of the air in a building or room has
been processed by the dehumidifier, then all
the air has been exchanged one time
through the machine.
• Dehumidifiers are rated on how much air
they process per minute (cfm)


The “Air Exchange” rule


How Much Equipment is
Really Necessary?

• The amount of water in a structure
determines the amount of drying equipment
needed to process the air


Easy…..Right ???

• Therefore, if the cubic foot volume of the air
in a building is determined, then this amount
can be divided by the number of cfm that the
dehumidifier can process.


Simple as pi….π

• If that sum is divided by 60, then the air
exchanges per hour can be determined.
Any Questions so far?


Hire ONLY Trained &
Licensed Professionals

• Improper water restoration practices have
far reaching consequences for Florida
property owners.
• Trained professionals know the
essential methods for correct
restoration of flood damaged
properties.


Here’s the Math………..


Example:

• Total length X width X height = 20,000 c/f.
• Divided by a 200 cfm Dh. = 100 minutes to
complete an air exchange
• Divided by 60 minutes = 1.67 air exchanges
per hour
• 1.67 X 2 =3.34- or 2 exchanges would
require 2-200 cfm dehumidifiers.

Got it …Right ????


Just Hire a Trained &
Licensed Professional

• Untrained restoration companies will
take longer to complete a drying job.
• Use more equipment to complete a
drying job.
• Cost you more time and money.
• Trained professionals will get it Dry
quicker and more affordably
EVERYTIME!

How many air exchanges?

• Typical standard floor saturation requires 1
air exchange per hour
• Lower walls wet from wicking and bases of
personal property wet requires 2 air
exchanges per hour
• Walls & ceilings wet -requires 3 air
exchanges per hour


• Air exchanges establish the optimum
conditions for drying
• Once optimum conditions are met, then
additional air exchanges accomplish nothing
• Because of the physical limitations of water
activity & evaporation, 3 air exchanges are
the maximum



• Therefore, adding more dehumidifiers can
not lower the Rh beyond what is actually
possible
• Doing the Math lowers the total cost of the
job $$$$
• Saving everyone money!


How many air movers?

• air movers speed up the drying process
nominally
• Air movement increases the
amount of water activity that
can occur
• Helps distribute processed air
throughout the structure
• So how many do you need???

Ask the
Trained Professional?

• Most in our industry agree that three air
movers per dehumidifier are sufficient
• air movers can be used to dry “from the
wall/ceiling cavities” out


Hire ONLY Trained &

• Its worth it!

• Trained professionals will save
you time and money on the
restoration of all your flood
damaged properties.


Additional Drying
Techniques

For Walls
Ceilings
Cabinets
Floors


The Inject-a-Dry System

• Forces dry air into interstitial wall & ceiling
cavities and displaces the moisture by
purging
• Excellent for wallpapered walls because it
dries from the inside out
• Really isn’t needed in most applications


When air movers should not
be used

• When air movement could create bioaerosols
• Category 3 Sewage- transporting pathogens
into the air stream
• Mold- contaminating the indoor air quality


IICRC S500

• “Standard and Reference Guide for
Professional Water Damage Restoration”
• Institute of Inspection,Cleaning and
Restoration Certification (IICRC)
• www.iicrc.org


Hire Trained &
• Trained Professionals will always save you
both Time and Money.
• Microshield will help write a Balanced
Drying System for all your water loss
properties
• Which will allow the Trained Restoration
Professional to quickly return the
property to its pre-loss condition

Water Restoration and Structural Drying Indoor Air Quality Solutions, IAQS - John Lapotaire, CIEC

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