1. THE HOME CONSTRUCTION PROCESS By: Jillaine Thomson

3. SITE PREPARATION

7. THE FOUNDATION

9. • Footing Construction CONCRETE POURED INTO FORM BOARDS FORM BOARDS CONSTRUCTED OF 2” CONSTUCTION LUMBER FOOTING THICKNESS = FOUNDATION WALL THICKNESS FOOTING WIDTH = TWICE THE WALL THICKNESS BUILDING CODE MAY REQUIRE SOME REINFORCED STEEL IN THE FOOTING - COMMONLY TWO RUNS OF 1/2 STEEL REBAR.

11. • Finished Footing POURED CONCRETE FOOTING WITH KEY AND STEEL REBAR REBAR & KEY - hold concrete foundation walls in position preventing them from moving and shifting. FOOTINGS MAY USE EITHER A V-SHAPED KEY AND/OR REBAR TO STRENGTHEN THE FOUNDATION WALLS FOOTING WITH V-SHAPED KEY UPON WHICH FOUNDATION WALLS ARE POURED V-SHAPED KEY SPREAD FOOTINGS

12. • Stepped Footing STEEL BARS IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FOOTING WHERE STEPS ARE LOCATED NECESSARY WHEN BUILDING ON HILLY TERRAIN.

14. • T - Foundation Forms STEP ONE: WALL FORMS SUPPORTED BY 2 X 4S WHILE BEING POSITIONED ON FOOTING STEP TWO: WALL FORMS BOLTED INTO PLACE AND THEN CONCRETE IS POURED INTO FORMS; WHEN CURED THE FORMS ARE REMOVED

17. • Damp Proofing of Foundation Wall SPRAY ON WATERPROOFING - ASPHALT, LATEX OR RUBBER PROTECTIVE COATING WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE OF POLYETHYLENE Prevents Moisture From Passing Through Walls to Interior Spaces

18. • Steel Column and I-Beam Placement STEEL I-BEAM SUPPORTS THE FLOOR JOISTS

19. • Backfill and Grading Around Foundation BACKFILL AND GRADING

22. • Foundation Type Three: Concrete Block

25. FRAMING:

27. • Framing Type Two: Balloon Uses a technique of hanging the floors from the walls - wall studs rest directly on the sill plate and each floor “hangs” on the studs. Balloon framing offers the advantages of small potential shrinkage and good vertical stability.

32. • Anatomy of Floor Framing

35. • Joists and Beams FRAMING FOR FLOOR ON TOP OF FOUNDATION WALL JOIST: provides support for floor. SOLID BRIDGING For longer joist spans; Cross bridging may be used to stiffen floor and spread load over a broader area. BEAM: supports joists.

39. • Sub floor Installation SUBFLOOR (5/8” OR 1/2” PREFERRED) IS ATTACHED TO TOP OF FLOOR JOISTS. PLYWOOD OR OSB PANELS ARE INSTALLED AT RIGHT ANGLE TO THE JOISTS; MAY BE GLUED OR NAILED TO JOISTS.

40. • Cut out in sub floor for floor register FLOOR REGISTER SUBFLOOR

42. • Exterior Wall Framing METAL STRIP BRACING REGULAR STUD SOLE PLATE ROUGH WINDOW OPENING DOUBLE TOP PLATE JOINING OF 8’ WIDE MODULES

43. • Exterior Corner Wall Framing BLOCKING SOLE PLATE THE CORNER MUST PROVIDE ADEQUATE SUPPORT FOR THE STRUCTURE

45. • Building and Erecting Framing WALL FRAMING CONSTRUCTED ON SUBFLOOR WALL FRAMING LIFTED INTO VERTICAL POSITION

47. • Blocking for Kitchen and Bathroom BLOCKING FOR CABINETRY KITCHEN BLOCKING/PLATES FOR PLUMBING BLOCKING FOR TOWEL AND GRAB BARS

48. • Blocking for Return Ductwork BLOCKING FOR RETURN DUCTWORK

49. • Rough Opening for Doors DOUBLE TOP PLATE CRIPPLE HEADER - supports weight above opening REGULAR STUD DOOR OPENING TRIMMER STUD (inside stud) SOLE PLATE 6’10” - SOLE PLATE TO HEADER 8’ - 1 1/2” FULL HEIGHT KING STUD (outside stud)

50. • Rough Opening for Windows HEADER - SOLID BLOCKING (HEADER LENGTH = ROUGH OPENING WIDTH PLUS TWO TRIMMER WIDTHS TRIMMER STUD -support header over opening in wall. ROUGH OPENING FOR WINDOW CRIPPLE STUD (inner stud) Openings for doors & windows are framed before wall is moved to vertical position. KING STUD (outer stud) SILL

51. • Bathroom Wall Framing Considerations FRAMING FOR WHIRLPOOL TUB FRAMING FOR SHOWER

52. • Kitchen Wall Framing Considerations SOFFIT or BULKHEAD TRAY CEILING RANGE HOOD KITCHEN ISLAND

54. • Main Floor Ceiling Framing CEILING JOIST - size will depend on load, wood species, span and joist spacing. CEILING JOIST SUBFLOOR GIRDER OR STEEL I-BEAM - support for longer spans. CROSS BRIDGING TO PREVENT WARPING OR TWISTING SOLID JOIST FLOOR SYSTEM

55. • Anatomy of Ceiling Framing

56. • Upper Floor Ceiling Framing Top floor ceilings that slope are usually attached directly to the roof framing, with insulation in between.

57. • Special Ceiling Framing Considerations CATHEDRAL CEILING COVE CEILING BARREL CEILING VAULTED CEILING COFFERED CEILING

58. • Special Ceiling Framing Considerations TRAY CEILING SKYLIGHTS FRAMING FOR DUCTWORK SOFFIT FRAMING FOR KITCHEN

59. EXTERIOR SHEATHING AFTER FRAMING

60. • Exterior Sheathing PLYWOOD OR OSB SHEATHING NO INSULATING PROPERTIES RIGID FORM INSULATION USED IN PLACE OF PLYWOOD OR OSB PROVIDES INSULATING PROPERTIES AND MOISTURE RESISTANCE HOUSEWRAP THIN LAYER OF POLYETHYLENE THAT PROTECTS HOUSE FROM WIND, RAIN, MOISTURE AND AIR INFILTRATION YET STILL ALLOWS HOME TO “BREATHE ”

61. ROOF FRAMING

62. • Anatomy of a Common Rafter

65. • Lifting Trusses Into Place TRUSSES LIFTED INTO PLACE WITH CRANE - USUALLY ON LARGER PROJECTS TRUSSES LIFTED INTO PLACE BY HAND - USUALLY ON SMALLER PROJECTS

66. • Roof Truss Positioning ROOF TRUSSES TEMPORARILY HELD IN PLACE UNTIL THEY CAN BE PERMANENTLY SECURED TO THE WALLS ROOF TRUSSES

67. INSULATION

68. • Types of Interior Insulation BATT INSULATION BOARD INSULATION

69. • Types of Interior Insulation SPRAY FOAM INSULATION LOOSE FILL INSULATION

70. DRYWALL

71. • Drywall Installation DRYWALL INSTALLATION DRYWALL TAPING AND COUMPOUND

73. • Drywall Taping and Compounding DRYWALL HAS BEEN TAPED AND SMOOTHED OUT WITH TAPING COMPOUND DRYWALL TAPING DRYWALL

75. MECHANICALS:

76. ELECTRICAL

77. • Electrical Power Electricity is installed first to provide Power for the construction crew’s tools and lighting. DISTRIBUTION PANEL

78. • Distribution Panel ELECTRICAL WIRING LEADING FROM DISTRIBUTION PANEL THROUGH FLOOR JOIST TO THE ELECTRICAL SOURCES IN HOME DISTRIBUTION PANEL CIRCUIT BREAKERS

79. • Telephone Cable Service Panel SERVICE ENTRANCE CABLE

80. • Lighting In Framing SWITCH BOX ELECTRICAL WIRING RECESSED LIGHTING IN CEILING JOIST

81. • Electrical Rough-ins Before Finish Drywall ELECTRICAL BOXES IN DRYWALLED CEILING FOR SPOT LIGHTS WIRING IN DRYWALL FOR SWITCHES AND WALL LIGHTS

82. PLUMBING

83. • Plumbing Placed During Framing HOT AND COLD WATER BRANCH LINES WHITE PVC PIPE DRAINS WASTE WATER OPENINGS MADE BY PIPES ARE CAULKED WITH PINK FOAM FIRE STOP SOLE PLATE REINFORCED WITH METAL WHERE PIPES PASS THROUGH IT

84. • Plumbing in Wall Framing BLOCKING FOR WATER LINES HOT AND COLD WATER BRANCH LINES FOR BATHTUB - COPPER AND PLASTIC PIPE PLASTIC DRAINAGE PIPING FROM BATHTUB NOTE: Each branch line and fixture Must have a shutoff valve SHUT OFF VALVE ON OTHER SIDE OF DRYWALL

85. • Plumbing Rough-In for Bathroom ROUGH-IN FOR TOILET ROUGH-IN FOR SHOWER DRAINAGE PIPING

87. • Waste Water Pipe to Sewer PVC PIPE TAKES WASTE WATER OUT THROUGH THE BASEMENT WALL TO THE SEWER SYSTEM

88. HEATING

89. Hot water heater and furnace GAS PIPE for furnace hook-up STACK - waste water vent runs Vertically up through the roof to allow atmospheric pressure to enter system and prevent vacuum from building up as the waster water is discharged FURNACE before hook-up COPPER WATER PIPES Hot water heater will be Hooked up to these pipes HOT WATER HEATER Furnace being installed and sheet metal ventilation duct will be attached to it

90. • HVAC Installed in Ceiling Joists

91. • HVAC Ventilation Ducts

92. VENTILATION

93. • Bathroom Ventilation Ducts and Fans VENTILATION DUCT FROM BATHROOM TO OUTSIDE - CONNECTS TO FAN CEILING JOIST BATHROOM EXHAUST FAN

94. • Rough-in for Bathroom Ventilation Fan HOUSING FOR VENTILATION FAN DUCT TO OUTSIDE

96. EXTERIOR FINISH:

97. • Window Installation To ensure a protection against infiltrations, a flexible water-repellant flashing should be installed around the outside of the window opening WINDOWS INSTALLED FROM EXTERIOR OF HOME

98. • Anatomy of a Window WINDOW SECTION FRONT VIEW OF WINDOW

100. • Exterior Door Details SIDE LIGHTS GLAZING

101. • Types of Exterior Siding ENGINEERED WOOD OR COMPOSITE BOARD WOOD CLAPBOARD CEDARSHINGLE OR “SHAKE” STONE VENEER VINYL SIDING STUCCO

102. • Masonry BRICKS APPLED TO EXTERIOR OF HOME RIGID INSULATION BUILDING PAPER MASONRY SCAFFOLDING BRICK AND BRICK VENEER EXTERIORS

103. • Anatomy of a Roof

107. • Gutters and Downspouts GUTTER DOWNSPOUT

109. • Types of Shingles ASPHALT or COMPOSITION SHINGLES WOOD ROOFING - SHINGLES OR SHAKES METAL SHINGLES CONCRETE SHINGLES SLATE SHINGLES CLAY SHINGLES