Bennett's fracture is a common intra-articular fracture of the base of the thumb metacarpal bone that extends into the carpometacarpal joint. It is usually caused by an axial force on a partially flexed thumb. Left untreated, it can lead to long-term pain, weakness, arthritis, and diminished hand function. While sometimes minimally displaced fractures can be treated non-surgically, surgical intervention like closed reduction or open reduction is often needed to ensure proper healing and restore thumb function. Long-term outcomes often include weakness and arthritis, with severity depending on how well the fracture was reduced.

1. BENNETT'S FRACTURE OF THE THUMB BY: JEFF KNIGHT OF AIMS

2. DESCRIPTION Bennett's fracture is a fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone which extends into the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint. This intra-articular fracture is the most common type of fracture of the thumb, and is nearly always accompanied by some degree of subluxation or frank dislocation of the carpometacarpal joint.

3. NOMENCLATURE The Bennett's fracture is named after Edward Hallaran Bennett, Professor of Surgery (1873–1906) at Trinity College of the University of Dublin, who described it in 1882. Bennett said his fracture "passed obliquely across the base of the bone, detaching the greater part of the articular surface, and "the separated fragment was very large and the deformity that resulted there-from seemed more a dorsal subluxation of the first metacarpal".

4. MECHANISM OF INJURY The Bennett's fracture is an oblique intra-articular metacarpal fracture dislocation, caused by an axial force directed against the partially flexed metacarpal. This type of compression along the metacarpal bone is often sustained when a person punches a hard object, such as the skull or tibia of an opponent, or a wall. It can also occur as a result of a fall onto the thumb.

5. SIGNIFICANCE AND COMPLICATING FACTORS Many important activities of daily life are dependent on the ability to grasp, pinch, and oppose the thumb. In fact, thumb function constitutes about 50% of overall hand function. These abilities are in turn dependent on an intact and functional thumb CMC joint. The CMC joint of the thumb allows a wide range of motion while maintaining stability for grasp and pinch. With this in mind, failure to properly recognize and treat the Bennett's fracture will not only result in an unstable, painful, arthritic CMC joint with diminished range of motion: it will also result in a hand with greatly diminished overall function.

6. In the case of the Bennett's fracture, the proximal metacarpal fragment remains attached to the anterior oblique ligament, which in turn is attached to the tubercle of the trapezium bone of the CMC joint. This ligamentous attachment ensures that the proximal fragment remains in its correct anatomical position. The distal fragment of the first metacarpal bone possesses the majority of the articular surface of the first CMC joint. Unlike the proximal fracture fragment, strong ligaments and muscle tendons of the hand tend to pull this fragment out of its correct anatomical position.

7. Specifically: · tension from the abductor pollicus longus muscle (APL) subluxates the fragment in a dorsal, radial, and proximal direction · tension from the APL rotates the fragment into supination · tension from the adductor pollicus muscle (ADP) displaces the metacarpal head into the palm

8. Tension from the APL and ADP muscles frequently leads to displacement of the fracture fragments, even in cases where the fracture fragments are initially in their proper anatomic position. Because of the aforementioned biomechanical features, Bennett's fractures nearly always require some form of intervention to ensure healing in the correct anatomical position and restoration of proper function of the thumb CMC joint.

9. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS Symptoms of Bennett's fracture are instability of the CMC joint of the thumb, accompanied by pain and weakness of the pinch grasp. Characteristic signs include pain, swelling, and ecchymosis around the base of the thumb and thenar eminence, and especially over the CMC joint of the thumb. Physical examination demonstrates instability of the CMC joint of the thumb. The patient will often manifest a weakened ability to grasp objects or perform such tasks as tying shoes and tearing a piece of paper. Other complaints include intense pain experienced upon catching the thumb on an object, such as when reaching into a pants pocket.

10. TREATMENT Though these fractures commonly appear quite subtle or even inconsequential on radiographs, they can result in severe long-term dysfunction of the hand if left untreated. In his original description of this type of fracture in 1882, Bennett stressed the need for early diagnosis and treatment in order to prevent loss of function of the thumb CMC joint, which is critical to the overall function of the hand.

11. · In the most minor cases of Bennett's fracture, there may be only small avulsion fractures, relatively little joint instability, and minimal subluxation of the CMC joint (less than 1 mm). In such cases, closed reduction followed by immobilization in a thumb spica cast and serial radiography may be all that is required for effective treatment. · For Bennett's fractures where there is between 1 mm and 3 mm of displacement at the trapeziometacarpal joint, closed reduction and percutaneous pin fixation (CRPP) with Kirschner wires is often sufficient to ensure a satisfactory functional outcome. The wires are not employed to connect the two fracture fragments together, but rather to secure the first or second metacarpal to the trapezium.

12. For Bennett's fractures where there is more than 3 mm of displacement at the trapeziometacarpal joint, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is typically recommended. Regardless of which approach is employed (nonsurgical, CRPP, or ORIF), immobilization in a cast or thumb spica splint is required for four to six weeks.

13. PROGNOSIS If intra-articular trapeziometacarpal fractures (such as the Bennett's fracture) are allowed to heal in a displaced position, significant post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the base of the thumb is virtually assured. Some form of surgical treatment (typically either a CRPP or a ORIF) is nearly always recommended to ensure a satisfactory outcome for these fractures, if there is significant displacement.

14. The long-term outcome after surgical treatment appears to be similar, whether the CRPP or the ORIF approach is used. Specifically, the overall strength of the affected hand is typically diminished, and post-traumatic osteoarthritis tends to develop in almost all cases. The degree of weakness and the severity of osteoarthritis does however appear to correlate with the quality of reduction of the fracture. Therefore, the goal of treatment of Bennett's fracture should be to achieve the most precise reduction possible, whether by the CRPP or the ORIF approach.

15. OUTCOME STUDY The conservative management of bennett's fracture-dislocation: A 26-year follow-up P. J. Livesley 1 From Mansfield District General Hospital, Nottinghamshire, UK Accepted 24 October 1989. Available online 15 April 2005.

16. OUTCOME STUDY (con't) ABSTRACT Seventeen patients who had suffered a Bennett's fracture-dislocation have been reviewed with an average follow up of 26 years. All were treated conservatively. At review, only seven patients had symptoms, but all had a decreased range of movement and grip strength. Twelve had a characteristic deformity in the hand. Radiographs showed persistent subluxation of the first carpo-metacarpal joint and marked degenerative changes. We suggest that, in the light of the poor long-term outcome, this injury should not be managed conservatively but by some operative means.

17. OUTCOME STUDY Closed Reduction Transarticular Kirschner Wire Fixation Versus Open Reduction Internal Fixation in the Treatment of Bennett’s Fracture Dislocation From the Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Innsbruck, Austria and Department of Biostatistics, University of Innsbruck, Austria Dr Martin Lutz, Univ. Klinik fü r Unfallchirurgie Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

18. OUTCOME STUDY (con't) ABSTRACT Thirty two patients with fracture dislocations of the base of the thumb metacarpal with a single large fracture fragment (Bennett’s fracture) were either treated by open reduction and internal fixation or closed reduction and percutaneous transarticular Kirschner wiring. All were assessed at a mean follow up of 7 (range 3–18) years. Patients with an articular step off more than 1 mm were excluded. The type of treatment did not influence the clinical outcome or the prevalence of radiological post-traumatic arthritis. The percutaneous group had a significantly higher incidence of adduction deformity of the first metacarpal. This was attributed to Kirschner wire placement near the fracture line or in the compression zone of the fracture, resulting in loss of reduction. This however did not result in an inferior outcome.