1. Chapter 5
Drawing

3. Two-Dimensional Art
• Drawing
• Painting
• Printmaking
• Imaging: Photography, Film,
Video, and Digital Arts

4. Drawing . . . is the necessary
beginning of everything in
art, and not having it, one
has nothing.
–Giorgio Vasari

5. Drawing
• The most basic of all the visual arts
• The most common support is monochromatic
paper or parchment. But, drawing can be
found on a large variety of different surfaces.
• Drawing - the result of implement running
over a surface and leaving some trace of this
gesture
• Support - the surface
• Monochromatic - one color
• Linear - made of lines

6. DRAWING CATAGORIES
1. Sketches
2. Plans
3. Fully developed works of art

7. DRAWING MATERIALS
Dry Media
Wet Media

8. Dry Media
Silverpoint
• Uses a ground of bone or chalk mixed with
gum, water and pigment
• Drag a silver tipped instrument over the
surface, and the particles stick to the ground.
• To make an area darker you have to use cross
hatching.
• Very delicate in appearance

10. Pencil
• Most traditional media
• Replaced silverpoint
• Capable of creating a wide range of effects
History:
• Came into use in the 1500s
• Mass produced pencils invented in late eighteenth century
• Uses a thin rod of graphite encased in wood or paper
• The graphite is ground to dust, mixed with clay, and
baked.
• The more clay that is added to the mixture, the harder the
pencil.

13. Pencil
Figure 5.6, p.109: ADRIAN PIPER. Self-Portrait Exaggerating My Negroid Features (1981). Pencil on paper.
10” x 8”.

14. Charcoal
• Has a long history
• Used by prehistoric man on cave walls!
• Charcoal is burnt pieces of wood or bone.
• Now charcoal is made from controlled charring of
special hardwoods.
• Charcoals range from hard to soft.
• Can be easily smudged or rubbed
• Shows the surface of the paper
• Needs to be fixed with varnish, or will rub off

15. Charcoal
Figure 5.8, p.110: KÄTHE KOLLWITZ. Self-Portrait (1924). Charcoal. 18-3/4” x 25”.

20. Charcoal
Figure 5.9, p.111: CLAUDIO BRAVO. Package (1969). Charcoal, pastel, and sanguine. 30-7⁄8” x 22-1⁄2”.

23. Chalk and Pastel
• Chalk and pastel are very similar to charcoal.
• The compositions of the media differ.
• Created by combining pigments and a binder –
such as gum arabic and then shaped into a
workable stick
• Relatively young, only introduced to France in
the 1400s.
• Available in many colors
– Ocher - dark yellow that comes from iron oxide in
some clays
– Umber - yellowish or reddish brown color that comes
from earth containing oxides or manganese and iron
– Sanguine - a “earthy” red color

24. Chalk and Pastel
Figure 5.10, p.111: MICHELANGELO. Studies for The Libyan Sybil (1510–1511). Red chalk. 11-3⁄8” x 8-3⁄8”.

26. Crayon
• Strictly defined, the term crayon includes any
drawing material in stick form (This can
include charcoal, chalk, and pastel, plus wax
implements.)
• Conte Crayon is one of the most popular
commercially manufactured crayons.
• Wax crayons combine ground pigment with
wax as their binder.
– They are less apt to smudge.

27. Fluid Media
• Pen and Ink
• Pen and Wash
• Brush and Ink
• Brush and Wash

28. Fluid Media
• The primary fluid medium used in drawing is ink.
• Instruments used with ink are primarily pen and
brush.
• Ink has been used for thousands of years.
• Egyptians used it on papyrus.
• Ancient people made ink from dyes of plants, squid,
and octopus.
• Oldest known ink is India or China ink
– Used in calligraphy
– Made of carbon black and water

31. Pen and Ink
• Used since ancient times
• Earliest were hollow reeds
• Quills, plucked from live birds, were
used in the Middle Ages.
• Replaced in the nineteenth century with
mass produced metal nib, which is
slipped into a stylus.
– Many artists still use a these today.

32. Pen and Wash
Figure 5.21, p.116: GIOVANNI BATTISTA TIEPOLO. Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness (c. 1725–1735).
Pen, brush and brown ink, and wash, over sketch in black chalk. 16-1⁄2” x 11-1⁄8”.

33. Pen and Wash
Wash - diluted ink that is applied with
brush
• Often combined with fine clear lines of
pure ink to provide tonal emphasis
• The use of a wash allows for a tonal
emphasis, not visible in pen-and-ink
drawings.

34. Brush and Ink
• Extremely versatile
• Brushes come in a wide variety of
materials, textures, and shapes.
– These create different effects.

36. Cartoons
• Cartoon - derived from the Italian word cartone
meaning paper
• Originally referred to full-scale preliminary
drawings done on paper for projects such as fresco
paintings, stained glass, or tapestries.
• In 1843, the definition was expanded to what we
know now, when a parody of fresco cartoons which
were submitted for decoration of the House of
Parliaments, appeared in an English magazine.
• Modern cartoons rely on caricature.

37. Figure 5.24, p.118: HONORÉ DAUMIER. Counsel for the Defense (the Advocate) (1862-1865). Pen and ink,
charcoal, crayon, gouache, and watercolor. 20⅜" × 23¾".

41. New Approaches to
Drawing
Drawing displays endless versatility in:
• Purpose
• Media
• Technique