1. DEVELOPMENT & USE OF HUMAN RESOURCES

2.  The movement of people from one place to
another.
 The permanent relocation of people from one
place to another.
 The temporary movement of people from
one place to another.
 NB –Temporary migration is not to be
confused with COMMUTING!

3. TEMPORARY
TYPES
OF
MIGRATION
PERMANENT
INTERNAL
INTER-NATIONAL
RURAL-URBAN
FORCED
SEASONAL
URBAN-RURAL

4. PERMANENT
 Occurs when migrants do
not intend to return home.
 Reasons for permanent
migration include: the
attainment of jobs, the
desire to move to the city
or the desire to establish a
farm.
TEMPORARY
 Occurs when people leave
their permanent residence for
a short period of time.
 May include persons leaving
their community or country
to study outside of that area
for a period of time before
returning home.
 May also include persons who
travel to other countries to
engage in work programmes.

5.  INTERNAL
 This refers to the movement of people from
one area to another within a country.
 It may be either temporary or permanent
 Usually characterized by movement from
rural areas to urban areas.
 Most likely consequence is urbanization

6. RURAL-TO-URBAN
 Movement from rural areas
to urban areas
 Usually movement from
farming communities to
towns or cities
 Normally as a result of the
low wages received in rural
areas
 Has led to decline in
demand for agricultural
workers
URBAN-TO- RURAL
 Occurs when people
relocate to obtain jobs
 People are attracted to
rural areas as they want to
leave polluted cities
 People also leave urban
areas as they want to get
away from the outbreaks
of violence or from being
targeted by criminals

7.  Rural-TO- RURAL
 Occurs when people move from one rural area to
another rural area in search of work .
 If the land they are tending becomes unproductive.
 If agricultural land is taken over for another land use
such as mining or development

8.  External migration occurs when people move
from one country to settle in another.
 It may be either permanent or temporary.
 Intra-regional migration- refers to movement
within the Caribbean.
 Usually occurs for employment opportunities
and pursuit of higher education.
 Most likely consequence is “brain drain”

9. SEASONAL
 This is very common with
agricultural cycles
 In Jamaica, people usually
migrate to North America
to reap crops such as
apples, oranges, tomatoes.
This is referred to as the
farm work programme.
 Also, some people migrate
seasonally to work in the
hospitality industry.
FORCED
 Also called deracination
 It is characterized by
coerced movement of a
person or persons from
their home.
 Sometimes it is
accompanied by religious
and political persecution
 Example: Transatlantic
Slave Trade

10. IMMIGRATION EMIGRATION
 Also called in-migration
 Describes movement into a
country, island or region.
 It is often controlled strictly
by government.
 It is usually permanent
movement were the
immigrant leaves the
country of origin in order to
find a new job.
 Also called out-migration
 Describes movement out
of a country, island or
region.
 It is not usually restricted
by governments.
 It usually results in
permanent settlement and
application for citizenship
in the new country.

11.  The causes of migration may be attributed to
push and pull factors.
 A push factor is a forceful factor that exists
in the country of origin.
 A pull factor is an attractive factor that
exists in the country of destination.

12.  Lack of jobs
 Political instability
 Poor medical facilities
 Lack of religious freedom
 Poor educational
opportunities
 Financial stress
 Prevalence of natural
disasters
 Lack of public amenities and
utilities
 Infertile land
 Job opportunities
 Better living conditions
 Political & religious
freedom
 Better healthcare
 Higher quality education
 Social & financial security
 Family reunion
 Modern infrastructure
 More reliable source of
food

13.  Migration carries with it numerous consequences
for both the host/receiving country and the country
of origin as well as on an individual level.
 Consequences may be either positive or negative
 Effects of migration may also be categorized as
social, political or economic

14. POSITIVE
 “Brain Gain”
 Cultural diversity
 Increase in labour force
 Growth in total
population
 Expansion of industries
NEGATIVE
 Greater pressure on
resources of the country
 Greater pressure on social
services of the country
 Growth in total population
 Financial resources
exported outside of
country

15. POSITIVE
 Remittances benefit
economy
 Migrants return with useful
skills
 Population size decreased
 Opening-up of job markets
NEGATIVE
 “Brain Drain”
 Down-sizing of industries
 Population size

16. POSITIVE
 Increase in income
 New cultural experience
 Learning new skills
 Better educational and
health facilities
 Greater access to
recreational facilities
NEGATIVE
 Family instability
 Burden of dependency
 Culture shock

17.  This is usually as a result of rural to urban
migration
 Human movement to more central locations
lead to expansion into the surrounding
countryside
 Such movement has a number of
consequences

18.  Inadequate housing
 Development of slums
 Underemployment
 increase in unemployment levels
 Increase in social unrest and crime
 Poor sanitation
 Pests and diseases
 Pollution