laporan praktikum biodas

1. RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of Basic Biology practicum with title ’’Respiration’’ that
arranged by :
Name
: Jeny ayu hardiah ningrum
Registrasion Number
: 1114040162
Group
: III (Three)
Class
: ICP A
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator so this report was
accepted
Makassar, December 6th 2011
Assistant Coordinator,
Assistant,
Djumarirmanto,S.Pd
Firdaus
ID.091404183
CHAPTER I

2. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Every day we always respiration, issuing carbon dioxid and breathes in
oxygen, Air very important for life in the world. Without the air organism can
not life. Life organism need oxygen for their respiration process. In
multicelular organisms and unicellular do gas exchange easily through cell
membranes, because of the gases dissolved in the liquid, then the availability
of the damp membrane has an important meaning for the movement of gases
into and out of cell or organisms.
We have studied about the process of repiration when I senior high
school but only studied , I never observe respiration process with my eyes but
only heard or read, and know, I have seen how animal`s respiration and plant,
before that,i can not believe about plant do respiration but difficult for believe
about that. I always think there are many human which say that ”plant can
exchange gases” and many theories more, I am still hard to believe that thing,
but I think living thing can do respiration, because it can not grow or amends
if not photosynthesis and respiration constitute one of the part photosynthesis.
photosynthesis utilizes carbon dioxid as material as to result oxygen that at
needs by human.
So that, to know about respiration its main respiration about plant
(Flos of Ixora coccinea) and
animal (Periplaneta Sp and Dissosteria
carolina), we must done this experiment to know the respiration and the
respiration process, and know about plant`s respiration, that afters prakticum
can know clearer, not only read to book or only at heard, we can not say
theory before unknowingly, and also we can compare organism need oxygen
follow the type and weight.
B. Purpose
1. To prove that life organism need oxygen for their respiration.

3. 2. To Compare the organism need oxygen severally according to type and
measurement of their body.
C. Benefit
The benefit of the practicum are known prove that life organism need
oxygen for their respiration and can compare the organism need oxygen
severally according to type and measurement of their body.
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

4. Respiration is the process of oxidation of food organic material that occurs
within cells that can be either aerobic or anaerobic. In aerobic conditions, respiration
requires free oxygen and relase carbon dioxide and energy. If the sugar is oxidized,
the reaction occurring is C6H12O6 + 6H2O => 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy. Amount of
carbon dioxide produced and the amount of oxygen used in aerobic respiration is not
always the same. This depends on the type of materials used. Comparison between
theamount of carbon dioxide that is relased and the amount of oxygen required is
called respiratory quotient (RQ) (Tim Pengajar, 2011).
The term respiration is applied to one particular phase of metabolism. It refers
to the integrated series of chemical reactions by which the living cell particular foods
nutriens. In many organisms including man, the respiratory process consists the
oxidative breakdown of carbohydrates and fats as the principal energy sources for the
many activities of the cell. Respiration is easily distinguished from digestion (another
particular phase of metabolism), although both involve the degradation of larger
molecules to smaller ones. Any energy relased in the rupturing of chemical bonds by
hydrolysis during the course of digestion is wasted as heat. In respiration, larger
molecules are split into smaller molecules, in part as a result of oxidation-reduction
reactionswhich constitute several of the key steps in the process, its most significant
aspect is that an appreciable portion of the chemical energy relased during respiration
in trapped as useful energy to be utilized ultimately for the various activities of the
cell (Nason, 1965).
Plants do not require specialized ventilatory mechanisms of active
multicelular animals. Much of a plant`s bulk consist of supportive tissues, which are
frequently inert metabolically. As a result, the plant`s overall rate of cellular
respiration is low. Photosynthesis take in carbon dioxide and gives off oxygen,
complementing cellular respiration and providing for the recycling of gases withinthe
plant it self. Under certain conditions, there is no gas exchange between the plant and
the environment. Basically, the stoma is an opening between two higly specialized
epidermal cell known as guard cells.the action of the guard cells regulates the size of

5. the stoma, opening or closing it as the plant`s needs and activities dictate. The guard
cells respond to changes in turgor. Most terrestrial animals respire at rates 100 or
more times
higher than those of the plants, and their gas-exchange needs are
correspondingly greater. Direct diffusion through the surface fulfills the ventilatory
requirements of a few land dwellers, among them the common earthworm. Terrestrial
insect flying insects have the highest weigt-specific metabolic rates known in the
animal kingdom, sometimes using more than 200 mililiters of oxygen per gram of
muscle tissue per hour in flight. However, 99 percent of this metabolic activity occurs
in the flight muscles of the thorax, the portion of the insect`s body between head and
abdomen, where the wings are attached. The organs are the tracheae, a system
offinely branched air tubes, the smallest of these branches, the tracheoles, terminate at
or inside the individual cell, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged, the
trachea are connected to outside by small openings called spiracles (Jensen, 1979).
Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that
take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions
involved in respiration are catabolic reactions that involve the redox reaction
(oxidation of one molecule and the reduction of another). Respiration is one of the
key ways a cell gains useful energy to fuel cellular changes. Nutrients that are
commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids
and fatty acids, and a common oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) is molecular
oxygen (O2). Bacteria and archaea can also be lithotrophs and these organisms may
respire using a broad range of inorganic molecules as electron donors and acceptors,
such as sulfur, metal ions, methane or hydrogen. Organisms that use oxygen as a final
electron acceptor in respiration are described as aerobic, while those that do not are
referred to as anaerobic. The energy released in respiration is used to synthesize ATP
to store this energy. The energy stored in ATP can then be used to drive processes
requiring energy, including biosynthesis, locomotion or transportation of molecules
across cell membranes. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate

6. energy (ATP). Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be processed and
consumed as reactant, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis
and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondrion in order to be fully oxidized by the
Krebs cycle. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine
triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2. The reducing
potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron
transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP
produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This
works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a
chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then
used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group.
Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised
glucose molecule during cellular respiration 2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs
cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system (anonymous, 2011).
The word respiration expresses the manifestations of oneprocess on the least
three different levels. First, at the level of the whole animal, respiration means the
process of breathing, that is, the inspiration and expiration of air. The term artificial
respiration is used in the context. Second, at the tissue level, respiration refers to
the osmotic and chemical processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide. By breathing, the oxygen concentration in the alveoli of the lungs is kept
high and the carbon dioxide concentration is kept low. To be transported to the
body cells by the blood, the oxygen must difuse into the blood through the
alveolar membrane and the capillary wall, carbon dioxide moves into and out of the
blood in the same manner but by processes more complex than simple diffusion
(Whaley, 1954).
CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD
A. Time and Place

7. Day / Date
: Monday/November 28th 2011
Time
: 10.50 A.M until 12.30 P.M
Place
: Biology laboratory 3rd flour at FMIPA UNM
B. Tool and Material
1. Tools
a. Respirometer
b. Pipette
c. Stopwatch
d. Spoit
2. Materials
a. Vaseline
b. Crystal KOH
c. Cotton
d. Eosin solution
e. Big and small Periplaneta sp
f. Big and small Dissosteria carolina
g. Open and close sheat Ixora coccinea
C. Work Procedure
1. First experiment
a. Thin cotton wrap two crystal KOH, then enter or place it on the neck
respirometer tube.
b. Took one Periplaneta sp and put into respirometer tube.
c. Closed respirometer with the lid and associated with glass pipe scale
then put on the back.
d. Dab Vaseline on thread respirometer tube with lid for prevent leakage
e. Used eosin as as drop condentation on tip, of glass tube until into the
channel.
f. Observed eosin shift along chanell and notes severally distancebegin
from 0,0 scale.

8. g. Done observated watch each one minute until five minutes.
h. With same procedure used smaller Periplaneta sp.
2. Second Experiment
a. Thin cotton wrap two crystal KOH, then enter or place it on the neck
respirometer tube.
b. Took one Dissosteria carolina and put into respirometer tube.
c. Closed respirometer with the lid and associated with glass pipe scale
then put on the back.
d. Dab Vaseline on thread respirometer tube with lid for prevent leakage.
e. Used eosin as as drop condentation on tip, of glass tube until into the
channel.
f. Observed eosin shift along chanell and notes severally distance begin
from 0,0 scale.
g. Done observated watch each one minute until five minutes.
h. With same procedure used smaller Dissosteria carolina.
3. Third experiment
a. Thin cotton wrap two crystal KOH, then enter or place it on the neck
respirometer tube.
b. Took one open sheat Ixora coccinea and put into respirometer tube.
c. Closed respirometer with the lid and associated with glass pipe scale
then put on the back.
d. Dab Vaseline on thread respirometer tube with lid for prevent leakage.
e. Used eosin as as drop condentation on tip, of glass tube until into the
channel.
f. Observed eosin shift along chanell and notes severally distance begin
from 0,0 scale.
g. Done observed watch each one minute until five minutes.
h. With same procedure used close sheat Ixora coccinea.

9. CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT
A. Result
The result of these experiment is explain into the table
1. Periplaneta Sp

10. No
Type
1st
2nd
Time (Minute)
3rd
4th
5th
1
Big
0,31
0,32
0,33
0,48
0,51
2
Small
0,12
0,22
0,29
0,35
0,44
2. Dissosteria carolina
No
Type
Time (Minute)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
1
Big
0,14
0,24
0,34
0,48
0,56
2
Small
0,08
0,19
0,28
0,38
0,41
3. Ixora coccinea
No
Type
Time (Minute)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
1
Open
0,04
0,07
0,11
0,14
0,16
2
Close
0,01
0,04
0,07
0,11
0,15
B. Data Analysis
The graphic of the respiration result
a. Periplaneta sp

11. b. Dissosteria carolina
c. Ixora coccinea

12. The analysis from result to find average from value the table, and use
formula v=s/t, than average use formula V=
Notes : V= Quick of respiration (ml/s)
S= Scale (ml)
T= Time (s)
1. Big Periplaneta sp
a. V=
=
= 0,005 ml/s
b. V=
=
= 0,002 ml/s
c. V=
=
= 0,001 ml/s
d. V=
=
= 0,002 ml/s
e. V=
=
= 0,001 ml/s
The Average velocity:
V=
=

13. 2. Small Periplaneta sp
a. V=
=
= 0,002 ml/s
b. V=
=
= 0,001 ml/s
c. V=
=
= 0,001 ml/s
d. V=
=
= 0,001 ml/s
e. V=
=
= 0,001 ml/s
The average velocity:
V=
=
3. Big Dissosteria carolina
a. V=
b. V=
c. V=
d. V=
e. V=

14. The average velocity:
V=
=
4. Small Dissosteria carolina
a. V=
b. V=
c. V=
d. V=
e. V=
The average velocity:
V=
=
5. Open of sheat Ixora coccinea
a. V=
b. V=
c. V=
=
= 0,0006 ml/s

15. d. V=
e. V=
The average velocity:
V=
V=
6. Close of sheat Ixora coccinea
a. V=
b. V=
c. V=
d. V=
e. V=
The average velocity:
V=
V=

16. C. Discussion
1) Periplaneta sp
Periplaneta sp is one of animal, according to result which at gets deep
practicum, eosin's move on faster when big Periplaneta sp instead of
small Periplaneta sp low, average which at gets every minute for big
Periplaneta sp is 0,39 ml/s meanwhile small Periplaneta sp is 0,28 ml/s,
and appears difference so body weight influence oxygen requirement
living thing. but there is fault which happens while practicum, since in
practicum big Periplaneta sp, in the early front cotton which contains
KOH crystal becomes to behind the cotton, and it influence eosin's move
speed.
2) Dissosteria carolina
Dissosteria carolina is one insec, of result practicum we get eosin's
speed moves on big Dissosteria carolina compare small Dissosteria
carolina, and of average we get distinctive on big Dissosteria carolina
are 0,35 ml/s and small Dissosteria carolina
are 0,26 ml/s, so big
organism need many oxygen meanwhile small organism and
wight
influence oxygen needed.
3) Flos of Ixora coccinea
Ixora coccinea are one of flower which often we find, of result that
we gets averagely from open of sheat Ixora coccinea are 0,14 ml/s and
close of sheat Ixora coccinea are 0,07 ml/s, and of observation result
concludes that eosin's speed from open of sheat Ixora coccinea faster
compare close of sheat Ixora coccinea and it is mean oxygen requirement
of openended flower and close that difference.

17. CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
1. Life organism need oxygen for their respiration, organism can respiration
and need oxygen, with oxygen organism life in this world, without oxygen
organisms can die, like the result of practicum either one animal have die
may be it can not respiration in tube, and that denotes living thing need
oxygen.
2. Organism need oxygen severally according to type and measurement of
their body, any organism need oxygen for exchange gas or for life, But type
and size of its body make different, big organisms requires more oxygen so
its respiration even faster speeds and small organisms require less oxygen
so the speed of its respiration even slower the big organisms. Small
organisms or big organisms need many oxygen or speed of respiration if
done higher activity.
B. Suggestion
1.
Suggestion for laboratory
I hope for next practicum tools and materials that need for practicum must
complete and better in order practicum is success.
2.
Suggestion for Assistant
I hope assistant could give attention for practican about part of animal for
respiration.
3.
Suggestion for the all friends
I hope all practicans could understand, and did not make noise in the
laboratory and do not scare with frog.

18. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous, 2011. Celular respiration. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cellularrespiration. Accessed at December 2nd 2011.
Jensen, William A, 1979, Biology. America: Wadsworth
Nalson, Alvin, 1965. Text book of modern biology. New York: John Wiley and son,
inc.
Tim Pengajar, 2011. Penuntun praktikum biologi dasar. Makassar: UNM.
Whaley, W Gordon. 1954. Principles of biology. New York: Harper and Row
Publisher.