2. 1850 1862 1864 1867
The Bessemer The Homestead Act When the Cheyenne Oliver Kelley started
Process is cheap was a law enacted returned to the Patrons of
and efficient process that provided 160 Colorado’s Sand Husbandry, an
for making steel acres in the West to Creek Reserve for organization for
which was any citizen who was the winter, Colonel farmers that became
developed by British head of household John Chivington and popularly known as
manufacturer Henry and would cultivate his troops the Grange and
Bessemer and the land for five descended on encouraged families
American William years. This law led to Cheyenne and that to promote the
Kelly. The technique settlers claiming Arapaho camped at economic well-being
involved injecting air private property Sand Creek. The of the community
into molten iron to previously reserved attack at dawn on and agriculture.
remove carbon and for Native Americans. November 29, 1864
other impurities. killed over 150
inhabitants.
3. 1869 1870 1870 1870
The Transcontinental In the 1870’s, trusts Long drives are the At age 21, Jacob
Railroad was became important. moving of cattle over Riis left Denmark for
competed in 1869, Participants in a trails to a shipping the United States.
liking the Atlantic and trust turned their center. There was He found work as a
Pacific coasts of the stock over to a normally one cowboy police reporter which
United States. This group of trustees- to about every 250 exposed him to New
railroad allowed people who ran the head of cattle, a cook York City’s slums.
nationwide separate companies who drove the chuck He was shocked at
transportation that as one large wagon and set up the conditions in the
united the country. corporation. In camp, and a wrangler overcrowded,
return, the who cared for the airless, filthy
companies were extra animals. Trail tenements and
entitled to dividends bossed supervised expressed these
on profits earned by the drive and hardships through
the trust. negotiated with writing.
settlers.
4. Greensward
1871 1873 1875 1875
Fredrick Law Andrew Carnegie Kickbacks, Tammany Hall was
Olmstead was a moved from Scotland overpayments of New York City’s
landscape architect to America and worked government money powerful Democratic
who helped draw up a his way up to become that were political machine
plan for “Greensward” private secretary of the “kickbacked” to headed by Boss
which was selected to local boss of the government officials, Tweed. The Tweed
become Central Park Pennsylvania Railroad. were very common Ring was a corrupt
in New York City. He He bought stock and around this time. organization that
also planned made his own fortune. Boss Tweed ran as
landscaping for In 1873, he founded part of Tammany
Washington, DC, and the Carnegie Steel Hall.
St. Louis. He also Factory. He improved
drew the initial manufacturing
designs for one of operation and
Boston’s park controlled almost all of
systems. the steel industry.
5. 1876 1876 1876 1876
George Armstrong Alexander Graham The National Thomas Alva Edison
Custer reported in Bell, along with Farmers’ Alliance established the
1874 that the Black Thomas Watson, groups included world’s first research
Hills had lots of gold. invented the people who laboratory in Menlo
In June 1876, he telephone. sympathized with Park, New Jersey.
and his troops farmers. Lecturers of He later perfected
reached the Little this group traveled the incandescent
Bighorn River where educating and light bulb and
they met Native persuading people invented an entire
Americans. The about lower interest system for producing
Indians crushed rates on loans and and distributing
Custer’s troops government control electricity.
killing all of them over railroads and
within an hour. banks. Membership
in the group grew to
more than 4 million.
6. 1876 1877 1877 1880
The Battle of Little Chief Joseph The Nez Perce was a Social Darwinism is
Bighorn occurred succeed his father group of Native an economic and
when Colonel Custer (Tuekakas) as the American people who social philosophy
and his troops met leader of the lived in the Pacific based on Charles
Native Americans at Wallowa band of Northwest region of the Darwin’s theory of
the Little Bighorn Nez Perce when the United States. In 1877, evolution by natural
River. The Native United States they were ordered to a selection. This
Americans, led by government forcibly reservation by the U.S. theory was used by
Crazy Horse, Gall, removed them from government and philosopher Herbert
and Sitting Bull, their land in Wallowa refused to go. They fled Spencer to explain
crushed Custer’s Valley to a to Canada and fought the evolution of
troops. Within an reservation in Idaho the U.S. Army along the human society.
hour, Custer and all in 1877. way. After five days of
of the men of the fighting, few Nez Perce
Seventh Cavalry remained after they had
were dead. been defeated.
7. 1880 1880 1880 1880
Segregation, the The Gilded Age was a Sweat shop was a John D. Rockefeller established
separation of people time of enormous negatively connoted the Standard Oil Company and
based on the basis growth in the United term for any working used a trust to gain total control
of race, was a States, railroads being environment of the oil industry in America. He
controversial issue the major industry. The considered to be reaped huge profits by paying his
during this time. North and West thrived unacceptably employees low wages and
Southern states while the South difficult or driving competitors out of
passed laws to remained economically dangerous. business by selling his oil at a
separate white and devastated from the lower price than in cost to
black people in Civil War. African produce it. Once he controlled
public and private Americans were the market, he hiked prices far
facilities. stripped of many above original levels. He gave
rights. Rights for away a lot of money and
blacks, tariff policies, established the Rockefeller
and monetary policies Foundation, provided funds to
were dominant issues. found the University of Chicago,
and created a medical institute.
8. 1881 1881 1881 1883
Sitting Bull was the Gafts, the illegal use Booker T. Washington The Pendleton Civil
leader of the Hunkpapa of political influence was an African Service Act was a
Sioux who was a for personal gain, American educator law enacted that
warrior, spiritual leader, were a large part of who believed that established a
and medicine man. He political corruption racism would end bipartisan civil
believed whites should during this time. when blacks acquired service commission
leave Sioux territory. useful labor skills and to make
His most famous fight proved their economic appointments to
was at the Little Bighorn value to society. He government jobs by
River. Bull surrendered was born enslaved and means of the merit
to the government in graduated from system based on
1881 and was killed by Virginia’s Hampton candidates’
Native American police Industrial Institute in performance on an
9 years later. Alabama. He aimed to examination.
equip blacks with
useful skills for jobs.
9. 1884 1884 1885 1886
Scab was a Mugwumps were Dumbbell tenements A settlement house
derogatory term Republican political were built in New was a community
used to describe activists who bolted York City to center providing
people who would from the Republican accommodate assistance to
cross picket lines. Party by supporting immigrants. The residents, particularly
They were strike Democratic candidate name is derived immigrants in a slum
breakers. Grover Cleveland in from the shape of neighborhood. These
the 1884 Presidential the building’s houses were run by
election. They footprint of a middle-class, college-
switched because dumbbell. educated women. The
they rejected the houses provided
financial corruption educational, cultural,
associated with and social services, It
Republican candidate offered classes, health
James G. Blain. care, and support for
women.
10. 1887
1850 1888
1862 1888
1864 1867
1888
The Dawes Act was a Poll taxes were Southern States added George Eastman
law that was intended to created as annual the Grandfather Clause developed a series
“Americanize” Native taxes that had to be to their constitutions. It of more convenient
Americans by distributing paid before qualifying stated that even if a man alternatives to the
reservation land to to vote. Black and failed the literacy test or heavy glass plates
individual Indian owners- white sharecroppers could not afford a poll previously used in
160 acres to each head were often too poor to tax, he was still entitled photography.
of household and 80 pay these poll taxes. to vote if he, his father, Photographers could
acres to each unmarried or his grandfather had use more flexible
adult. The government been eligible to vote film and send it to a
would sell the remainder before January 1, 1867. studio for
of the reservations to Before that date, freed processing. He
settlers, and the resulting slaves did not have the introduced the
income would be used right to vote. This law Kodak camera in
by Native Americans to prevented blacks from 1888.
buy farm implements. voting.
11. 1889 1890 1890 1890
Jane Addams was Jim Crow Laws were George Angel Island was a
an influential laws enacted by Westinghouse was place in San
member of the Southern States and an entrepreneur and Francisco Bay,
Social Gospel local governments to engineer who California, where
movement who separate white and invented the railway immigrants from the
founded the Hull black people in public air brake and was a West Coast arrived
House in 1889 along and private facilities. pioneer of the and gained
with Ellen Gates electrical industry. admission to the
Starr. This was a He founded the United States.
settlement home Westinghouse These immigrants
located near Electric Corporation. were primarily from
Chicago, Illinois. Asia.
12. 1890 1890 1890 1890
Culture shock is The Ghost Dance America became Political machines
personal was a movement that known as a melting were organized
disorientation that a spread rapidly among pot because of the groups that
person may feel the 25,000 Sioux an mixture of people controlled political
when experiencing the Dakota from different parties in a city and
an unfamiliar way of reservation. It was cultures and races offered services to
life due to based on a prophet who blended voters and
immigration. who promised that if together by businesses in
Sioux performed a abandoning their exchange for
ritual called the Ghost native languages political and financial
Dance, Native and cultures. support.
American lands and
way of life would be
restored.
13. 1890 1890 1891 1892
On December 28, The Sherman Collective bargaining The Omaha Platform
was a party program
1890, the Seventh Antitrust Act was a was a process of
that adopted the
Cavalry rounded up law enacted that was negotiations
convention of the
350 starving and intended to prevent between employers
freezing Sioux and the creation of and a group of Populist Party held in
Omaha, Nebraska on
took them to a camp at monopolies by employees aimed at
July 4, 1892. The
Wounded Knee Creek making it illegal to reaching
in South Dakota. The establish trusts that agreements that Preamble was by
Ignatius L. Donnelly.
next day, soldiers interfered with free regulate working
The planks
demanded that the trade. conditions.
represented the
Indians give up their
weapons. A shot was Farmers’ Alliance
concerns, free-
fired and the soldiers
currency monetarism,
opened fire killing 300
and endorsing the
mostly unarmed Native
goals of the Urban
Americans.
Knights of Labor.
14. 1894 1894 1895 1895
Eugene Vs. Debs When businesses fell Ellis Island was a Urbanization, the
attempted to form an in 1894, George popular immigration growth of cities, was
industrial union- the Pullman cut jobs and station located in expanding especially
American Railway wages in a plant and New York Harbor. in the regions of the
Union (ARU). Union increased working Immigrants were Northeast and
members were hours in order to given medical Midwest.
mostly unskilled and lower costs and keep examinations,
semiskilled laborers, profits, but not rents government
but engineers and or prices in his town. inspections, and
firemen joined too. His workers launched various tests. Ellis
In 1894, the new the Pullman Strike Island was the chief
union won a strike which was eventually immigration station
for higher wages. broken up by federal with an estimated 17
Membership troops. million immigrants.
eventually grew to
150,000.
15. 1895 1896 1897 1901
William Randolph In Plessy vs. Ferguson, the Ragtime was a Monopolies
Hurst purchased the Supreme Court ruled that blend of African developed which
New York Morning the separation of races in spirituals and was a complete
Journal and also public places was legal and European musical control over it’s
owned the San did not violate the forms, which industry’s
Francisco Examiner. Fourteenth Amendment. It originated in the production, wages,
He tried to out-do his began when Homer Plessy saloons of the and prices achieved
competitors by filling was seated in the “whites South. This style by a firm that buys
the Journal with only” car and refused to later led to jazz, rock out all its
exaggerated tales of move. He was arrested, ‘n’ roll, and the competitors.
personal scandals, tried, and convicted in the blues.
cruelty, hypnotism, District Court of New
and imaginary Orleans for breaking
conquest of Mars. Louisiana’s segregation
law. He appealed, and sent
the trial to Supreme Court.
16. 1902 1903 1900s 1900s
Debt Peonage was a Brothers Orville and Literary tests were Vaudeville was a
system in which Wilbur Wright, bicycle voting restrictions theatrical genre that
workers were bound manufacturers from imposed in the included
in servitude until their Dayton, Ohio, worked Southern States to performances of
debts were paid to on planes. They first limit blacks’ votes. song, dance,
their employer. built a glider, then a The tests for blacks juggling, slapstick
four-cylinder internal were very hard and comedy, and a
combustion engine. sometimes written in female chorus.
Their first successful different languages, Promoters sought
flight was on making it almost large audiences with
December 17, 1903 impossible to pass. various backgrounds
at Kitty Hawk, North Officials could pass to display various
Carolina. The flight or fail applicants as cultures.
covered 120 feet and they wished which
lasted 12 seconds. allowed for
discrimination
against blacks.