Cloud computing (IT-703) UNIT 1 & 2

ORIENTAL COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

A tour of future- smart and on-demand computing

Prepared by: Jitendra S Rathore

1

Cloud Computing
This presentation demonstrates the
vision , mission and future scope of
the Cloud computing Technology.

Introduction to Cloud

Definition of Cloud by NIST

Cloud Architecture

Cloud Reference Architecture

Applications of Cloud


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3

Definition


4

The Power of Thinking
Cloud computing is using the internet
to access someone else's software
running on someone else's hardware in
someone else's data center.
Lewis Cunningham
A large-scale distributed computing
paradigm that is driven by economies
of scale, in which a pool of abstracted,
virtualized, dynamically scalable,
managed computing power, storage,
platforms, and services are delivered
on demand to external customers over
the Internet.

A Cloud is a type of parallel and
distributed system consisting of a
collection of interconnected and
virtualized computers that are
dynamically
provisioned
and
presented as one or more unified
computing resources based on
service-level
agreements
established through negotiation
between the service provider and
consumers.
Rajkumar Buyya

Ian Foster


5

The Power of Thinking
A cloud is a pool of virtualized
resources that can host a variety of
different workloads, allow workloads
to be deployed and scaled-out quickly,
allocate resources when needed, and
support redundancy.

Greg Boss et al., IBM


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NIST CLOUD
Definition


8

NIST
(National Institute of Standard &Technology)
Cloud computing allows computer
users to conveniently rent access to
fully featured applications, to
software
development
and
deployment environments, and to
computing infrastructure assets
such as network-accessible data
storage and processing.


9

NIST
(National Institute of Standard &Technology)
"Cloud computing is a model for
enabling convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources
(e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can
be rapidly provisioned and released
with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction. This
cloud model promotes availability
and is composed of five essential
characteristics,
three
service
models, and four deployment
models.


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Essential Characteristics
On-demand

self-service - A
consumer can unilaterally provision
computing capabilities, such as
server time and network storage, as
needed
automatically
without
requiring human interaction with
each service’s provider.
Broad
network
access
Capabilities are available over the
network and accessed through
standard mechanisms that promote
use by heterogeneous thin or thick
client platforms (e.g., mobile
phones, laptops, and personal digital
assistants (PDAs)).

Resource pooling - The provider’s

computing resources are pooled to
serve multiple consumers using a
multi-tenant model, with different
physical
and
virtual
resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned
according to consumer demand. There
is a sense of location independence in
that the subscriber generally has no
control or knowledge over the exact
location of the provided resources but
may be able to specify location at a
higher level of abstraction (e.g.,
country, state, or datacenter).
Examples of resources include storage,
processing,
memory,
network
bandwidth, and virtual machines.

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Essential Characteristics
Rapid elasticity - Capabilities can

be
rapidly
and
elastically
provisioned,
in
some
cases
automatically, to quickly scale out
and rapidly released to quickly scale
in. To the consumer, the capabilities
available for provisioning often
appear to be unlimited and can be
purchased in any quantity at any
time.

Measured Service - Cloud systems

automatically control and optimize
resource use by leveraging a
metering capability at some level of
abstraction appropriate to the type
of service (e.g., storage, processing,
bandwidth,
and
active
user
accounts). Resource usage can be
monitored, controlled, and reported
providing transparency for both the
provider and consumer of the
utilized service.


12

Service Models


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Service Models
Software as a Service (SaaS) - The

capability provided to the consumer is
to use the provider’s applications
running on a cloud infrastructure. The
applications are accessible from
various client devices through a thin
client interface such as a Web browser
(e.g., Web-based email). The consumer
does not manage or control the
underlying
cloud
infrastructure
including network, servers, operating
systems, storage, or even individual
application capabilities, with the
possible exception of limited userspecific application configuration
settings.


14

Service Models
Platform as a Service (PaaS) - The

capability provided to the consumer
is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using
programming languages and tools
supported by the provider. The
consumer does not manage or
control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network,
servers, operating systems, or
storage, but has control over the
deployed applications and possibly
application hosting environment
configurations.


15

Service Models
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) -

The capability provided to the
consumer is to provision processing,
storage, networks, and other
fundamental computing resources
where the consumer is able to
deploy and run arbitrary software,
which can include operating systems
and applications. The consumer
does not manage or control the
underlying cloud infrastructure but
has control over operating systems,
storage, deployed applications, and
possibly limited control of select
networking components (e.g., host
firewalls).

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Deployment Models
Private

cloud - The cloud
infrastructure is operated solely for
an organization. It may be managed
by the organization or a third party
and may exist on premise or off
premise.
Community cloud - The cloud
infrastructure is shared by several
organizations and supports a specific
community that has shared
concerns (e.g., mission, security
requirements,
policy,
and
compliance considerations). It may
be managed by the organizations or
a third party and may exist on
premise or off premise.

Public

cloud
-The
cloud
infrastructure is made available to
the general public or a large industry
group and is owned by an
organization selling cloud services.
Hybrid cloud - The cloud
infrastructure is a composition of
two or more clouds (private,
community, or public) that remain
unique entities but are bound
together by standardized or
proprietary technology that enables
data and application portability
(e.g., cloud bursting for loadbalancing between clouds).


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Deployment Model


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Terms use in Cloud
•cloud subscriber or subscriber: a

person or organization that is a
customer of a cloud;
•client: a machine or software

application that accesses a cloud
over a network connection, perhaps
on behalf of a subscriber.
•cloud provider or provider: an

organization that provides cloud
services.


19

Clarification
(Cluster,Grid andCloud)
•A computer cluster is a group of

linked computers, working together
closely thus in many respects
forming a single computer.
•The components of a cluster are

connected to each other through
fast local area networks
•Types of Cluster

 High Availability Cluster
 Load Balancing Cluster
 HPC Cluster


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Clarification
•Requirements

for

computing

increasing fast –
 More data to process.
 More compute intensive
algorithms available.
•Approaches to supply demand
 Qualitative:

Optimized
algorithms, faster processors,
more memory.
 Quantitative:
Cluster
computing, grid computing,
etc.


21

Clarification
•Grid computing is a term referring

to the combination of computer
resources
from
multiple
administrative domains to reach a
common goal.
Coordinates resources that are not

subject to centralized control
Uses

standard, open, generalpurpose protocols and interfaces
Delivers

nontrivial

qualities

of

service


22

GridComputing


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Clarification
•Grid computing is the combination of

computer resources from multiple
administrative domains applied to a
common task, usually to a scientific,
technical or business problem that
requires a great number of computer
processing cycles or the need to
process large amounts of data. It is a
type of parallel and distributed system
that enables the sharing, selection,
and aggregation of geographically
distributed autonomous resources
dynamically at runtime depending on
their
availability,
capability,
performance, cost and users qualityof-service requirements.

Applications:
•Bio Informatics applications
•High Energy Physics Applications
•Weather Modeling and Predicting
Ocean Currents
•Disaster Management
•Aerodynamic Simulations


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Clarification
•A large-scale distributed computing

paradigm that is driven by
economies of scale, in which a pool
of
abstracted,
virtualized,
dynamically-scalable,
managed
computing
power,
storage,
platforms, and services are delivered
on demand to external customers
over the Internet


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Comparison between Three
Cluster

Grid

Cloud

On demand Self Service

NO

NO

YES

Broad Network Access

YES

YES

YES

Resource Pooling

Yes

Yes

Yes

Rapid Elasticity

NO

NO

YES

Measured Service

NO

YES

YES


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Cloud Applications
This presentation demonstrates the
major areas where cloud can play
vital role and their scope in the Cloud
computing Technology.

ECG Analysis in the cloud

Protein structure prediction

Gene Expression Data Analysis

Satellite Image Processing

CRM and ERP

Social Networking


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ECGAnalysis


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Protein Prediction


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Typical Commercial Terms of Service
A subscriber’s terms of service for a cloud are
determined by a legally binding agreement
between the two parties often contained in
two parts:
(1) a service agreement - The service
agreement is a legal document
specifying the rules of the legal contract
between a subscriber and provider and
(2) a Service Level Agreement (SLA) - SLA
is a shorter document stating the
technical performance promises made
by a provider including remedies for
performance failures.

Note: Published SLAs between
Subscribers and providers can
typically be terminated at any
time by either party, either
“for cause” such as a
subscriber’s violation of a
cloud’s
acceptable
use
policies, or for failure of a
subscriber to pay in a timely
manner.
Further,
an
agreement can be terminated
for no reason at all.
Subscribers should analyze
provider termination and
data retention policies.


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Provider promises, including explicit
statements regarding limitations,
are codified in their SLAs. A
provider’s SLA has three basic parts:

(a) Promises –

(a). a collection of promises made to
subscribers

1.

Availability

2.

Remedies for Failure to Perform

3.

Data Preservation

4.

Legal
Care
Information

(b) a collection of promises explicitly not
made to subscribers, i.e., limitations,
and

1.

Subscriber

(b) Limitation-

(c) a set of obligations that subscribers

of

must accept.

Schedule Outage - If a provider
announces a scheduled service outage,
the outage does not count as failure to
perform. For some providers, outages
must be announced in advance, or
must be bounded in duration.


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2. Force majeure events - Providers

4. Security - Providers generally assert that

generally disclaim all responsibility for
events outside their realistic control.
Examples include power failures, natural
disasters, and failures in network
connectivity between subscribers and
providers.

they are not responsible for security,
i.e., unauthorized modification or
disclosure of subscriber data, or for
service interruptions caused by
malicious activity. Generally, SLAs are
explicit about placing security risks on
subscribers. In some cases, providers
promise to use best efforts to protect
subscriber data, but all of the providers
surveyed
disclaim
security
responsibility for data breach, data
loss, or service interruptions by
limiting remedies to service credits for
failure to meet availability promises.

3. SLA Changes - Providers generally
reserve the right to change the terms of
the SLA at any time, and to change
pricing with limited advanced notice. For
standard SLA changes, notice is generally
given by a provider by posting the change
to a Web site. It is then the subscriber’s
responsibility to periodically check the
Web site for changes. Changes may take
effect immediately or after a delay of
several weeks.

5. Service API Changes - Providers generally
reserve the right to change or delete
service APIs at any time.


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(c) Obligations –
1.

2.

Generally, subscribers
must agree to three key obligations:
Acceptable Use Polices - Subscribers
generally must agree to refrain from
storing illegal content, such as child
pornography, and from conducting illegal
activities such as: (1) gambling, (2) sending
spam, (3) conducting security attacks (e.g.,
denial of service or hacking), (4)
distributing
spyware,
(5)
intrusive
monitoring, and (6) attempting to subvert
cloud system infrastructures. Acceptable
use policies vary among providers.
Licensed Software - All providers state
that third-party software running in their
clouds must conform to the software’s
license terms. In some cases, providers
bundle such software and include
monitoring to ensure that license
restrictions are enforced.

3. Timely Payments - Cloud service costs are
generally incurred gradually over a billing
period, with the fee due to the provider at
the period’s end. Failure to pay, after a grace
period, usually subjects a subscriber to
suspension or termination “for cause” which
can result in loss of subscriber data.
4. Security - Providers generally assert that they

are not responsible for security, i.e.,
unauthorized modification or disclosure
of subscriber data, or for service
interruptions caused by malicious
activity. Generally, SLAs are explicit
about placing security risks on
subscribers. In some cases, providers
promise to use best efforts to protect
subscriber data, but all of the providers
surveyed disclaim security responsibility
for data breach, data loss, or service
interruptions by limiting remedies to
service credits for failure to meet
availability promises.


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Cloud Reference Architecture
NIST cloud computing reference
architecture defines five major actors:
1. cloud consumer
2. cloud provider
3. cloud carrier
4. cloud auditor and

5. cloud broker.

Each actor is an entity (a person or
an organization) that participates in
a transaction or process and/or
performs tasks in cloud computing.


40

Actor’s Responsibility
Actor

Definitions

Cloud Consumer

A person or organization that maintains a business
relationship with, and uses service from, Cloud Providers.

Cloud Provider

A person, organization, or entity responsible for making
a service available to interested parties.

Cloud Auditor

A party that can conduct independent assessment of
cloud
services, information
system
operations,
performance and security of the cloud Implementation.

Cloud Broker

An entity that manages the use, performance and
delivery of cloud services, and negotiates relationships
between Cloud Providers and Cloud Consumers.

Cloud Carrier

An intermediary that provides connectivity and transport
of cloud services from Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers.

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Interaction among Actors


42

Example Scenario - 1

Usages Scenario for Cloud Brokers


43


Usages Scenario for Cloud Carriers


44


Usages Scenario for Cloud Auditors


45

Cloud Consumer
•The cloud consumer is the principal
stakeholder for the cloud computing
service.
•A cloud consumer represents a person or
organization that maintains a business
relationship with, and uses the service from
•a cloud provider. A cloud consumer
browses the service catalog from a cloud
provider, requests the
•appropriate service, sets up service
contracts with the cloud provider, and uses
the service. The cloud
•consumer may be billed for the service
provisioned, and needs to arrange payments
accordingly.









Cloud consumers need SLAs to specify
the technical performance requirements
fulfilled by a cloud provider.
SLAs can cover terms regarding the
quality of service, security, remedies for
performance failures.
A cloud provider may also list in the SLAs a
set of promises explicitly not made to
consumers, i.e. limitations, and obligations
that cloud consumers must accept.
A cloud consumer can freely choose a cloud
provider with better pricing and more
favorable terms.
Typically a cloud provider's pricing policy
and SLAs are non-negotiable, unless the
customer expects heavy usage and might
be able to negotiate for better contracts.


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Service Available to Cloud Costumers


47

•SaaS applications in the cloud and

made accessible via a network to the
SaaS consumers.
•The consumers of SaaS can be
organizations that provide their
members with access to software
applications, end users who directly
use software applications, or software
application
administrators
who
configure applications for end users.
•SaaS consumers can be billed
based on the number of end users,
the time of use, the network
bandwidth consumed, the amount of
data stored or duration of stored data.


48

•Cloud consumers of PaaS can employ

the tools and execution resources
provided by cloud providers to develop,
test, deploy and manage the applications
hosted in a cloud environment.
•PaaS consumers can be application
developers who design and implement
application software, application testers
who run and test applications in cloudbased
environments,
application
deployers who publish applications into
the cloud, and application administrators
who configure and monitor application
performance on a platform.
•PaaS consumers can be billed according
to, processing, database storage and
network resources consumed by the PaaS
application, and the duration of the
platform usage.


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•Consumers of IaaS have access to virtual
computers, network-accessible storage,
network infrastructure components, and
other fundamental computing resources on
which they can deploy and run arbitrary
software.
•The consumers of IaaS can be system
developers, system administrators and IT
managers who are interested in creating,
installing, managing and monitoring services
for IT infrastructure operations.
•IaaS consumers are provisioned with the
capabilities to access these computing
resources, and are billed according to the
amount or duration of the resources
consumed, such as CPU hours used by
virtual
•computers, volume and duration of data
stored, network bandwidth consumed,
number of IP addresses used for certain
intervals..


50

Cloud Providers
•A cloud provider is a person, an

 A Cloud Provider's activities can

organization; it is the entity
responsible for making a service
available to interested parties.

be described in five major areas,
as shown in Figure,
 a cloud provider conducts

•A Cloud Provider acquires and

activities in the areas of

manages
the
computing
infrastructure
required
for
providing the services, runs the
cloud software that provides the
services, and makes arrangement
to deliver the cloud services to the
Cloud Consumers through network
access.

1.

service deployment

2.

service orchestration

3.

cloud service management

4.

Security

5.

its

privacy.


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Cloud Providers – Major Activities


52

Cloud Auditor
•A cloud auditor is a party that can

•

perform
an
independent
examination of cloud service
controls with the intent to express
an opinion thereon.
•Audits are performed to verify

conformance to standards through
review of objective evidence.
•A cloud auditor can evaluate the

services provided by a cloud
provider in terms of security
controls,
privacy
impact,
performance, etc.

•

Auditing is especially important
for federal agencies as “agencies
should include a contractual
clause enabling third parties to
assess security controls of cloud
providers” [4] (by Vivek Kundra,
Federal Cloud Computing Strategy,
Feb. 2011.).
Security controls [3] are the
management, operational, and
technical
safeguards
or
countermeasures employed within
an
organizational
information
system
to
protect
the
confidentiality,
integrity,
and
availability of the system and its
information.


53

Cloud Broker
•As cloud computing evolves, the

integration of cloud services can be
too complex for cloud consumers to
•manage.
•A cloud consumer may request
cloud services from a cloud broker,
instead of contacting a cloud
provider directly.
•A cloud broker is an entity that
manages the use, performance and
delivery of cloud services and
negotiates relationships between
cloud
providers
and
cloud
consumers.

 Cloud

broker can provide
services in three categories –
 Service Intermediation: A cloud
broker enhances a given service
by improving some specific
capability and providing valueadded
services
to
cloud
consumers. The improvement
can be managing access to cloud
services, identity management,
performance
reporting,
enhanced security, etc.


54

Cloud Broker
Service Aggregation: A cloud broker
combines and integrates multiple
services into one or more new
services. The broker provides data
integration and ensures the secure
data movement between the cloud
consumer
and
multiple
cloud
providers.
Service Arbitrage: Service arbitrage is
similar to service aggregation except
that the services being aggregated are
not fixed. Service arbitrage means a
broker has the flexibility to choose
services from multiple agencies.
The cloud broker, for example, can use
a credit-scoring service to measure
and select an agency with the best
score

55

Cloud Carrier
•A

cloud carrier acts as an
intermediary
that
provides
connectivity and transport of cloud
services between cloud consumers
and cloud providers.

•

The distribution of cloud
services is normally provided
by
network
and
telecommunication carriers or
a transport agent

•Cloud carriers provide access to

•

a transport agent refers to a
business
organization
that
provides physical transport of
storage media such as highcapacity hard drives.

consumers
through
network,
telecommunication
and
other
access devices.
•For

example, cloud consumers
can obtain cloud services through
network access devices, such as
computers,
laptops,
mobile
phones, mobile Internet devices
(MIDs), etc .


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Service Management
According to NIST [1,2] : Cloud
Service Management includes all
of the service-related functions
that are necessary for the
management and operation of those
services required by or proposed to
cloud consumers.

 cloud service management can

be
described
perspective of –

from

the

 business support
 provisioning and configuration
 portability and interoperability

requirements
As shown in the figure described by
NIST


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Business Support
Business Support involves the set of
business-related services dealing
with
clients
and
supporting
processes . It includes1.

Customer Management-



Manage customer accounts

Manage service contracts



setup/negotiate/close/terminate
contract, etc.



open/close/terminate accounts



manage user



Profiles



manage customer relationships by
providing points-of-contact and

resolving customer
problems, etc.



3. Inventory Management-





2. Contract management –

Set up and manage service catalogs

4. Accounting and Billing



issues

and

Manage customer billing information
send billing statements



Process received payments



track invoices, etc.


61

Business Support
5. Reporting and Auditing Monitor user operations

Figure

generate reports, etc.

6. Pricing and RatingEvaluate cloud services and determine

prices
handle promotions
Pricing rules based on a user's profile,

etc.


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Provisioning and Configuration
It includes followingRapid provisioning:
Automatically deploying cloud
systems based on the requested
service/resources/capabilities.
Resource changing: Adjusting
configuration/resource
assignment for repairs, upgrades
and joining new nodes into the
cloud.
Monitoring and Reporting:
Discovering and monitoring
virtual resources, monitoring
cloud operations and events and
generating performance reports.

 Metering: Providing a metering

capability at some level of
abstraction appropriate to the
type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and
active user accounts).
 SLA management:

Encompassing the SLA contract
definition (basic schema with
the QoS parameters), SLA
monitoring and SLA
enforcement according to
defined policies.
 Figure

63

Portability and Interoperability
According to NIST, the adoption of
cloud computing depends greatly on
how the cloud can address users‟
concerns on security, portability
and interoperability.

Figure

Portability - customers are interested
to know whether they can move their
data or applications across multiple
cloud environments at low cost and
minimal disruption.

Interoperability - Users are concerned
about the capability to communicate
between or among multiple clouds


64

Interoperability
According to Author of [3],
interoperability means:
“In cloud computing, interoperability
typically refers to the ability to easily
move workloads and data from one
cloud provider to another or
between private and public clouds. A
common tactic for enabling
interoperability is the use of open
standards,
and
many
cloud
standardization
projects
are
developing standards for the cloud.”

 A common tactic for enabling

interoperability is the use of
open standards [ITU 2005].
 According to Microsoft [4] –
1. Data portability
2. Standards
3. Ease
of migrations and
deployment
4. Developer choice
are the basic elementary points for
ensuring interoperability in the
cloud
Figure


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Cloud Ecosystem
According to [5],
Cloud ecosystem is a term used to

describe the complex system of
interdependent components that
work together to enable cloud
services.
Merriam-Webster

defines
an
ecosystem as the complex of a
community of organisms and its
environment functioning as an
ecological unit.

 In terms of cloud computing, that

complex includes not only traditional
elements of cloud computing such as
software and infrastructure but also
consultants, integrators, partners,
third parties and anything in their
environments that has a bearing on
the other components.
 According to Microsoft [6], cloud

ecosystem includes all the things as
shown in the figure


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Cloud Business Process Management
•According to [wiki],

“Cloud computing business process
management is the use of (BPM)
tools that are delivered as software
services (SaaS) over a network.
Cloud BPM business logic is
deployed on an application server
and the business data resides in
cloud storage.”

•

According to [7],
“Business Process Management
Software in the cloud enables
strategic process improvement,
reduced technology cost, and better
alignment of IT with business goals.
The new IT paradigm and business
model can drive new growth
opportunities,
increase
profit
margins for the private sector, and
achieve more efficient and effective
missions for federal agencies. ”


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BPM by Oracle [8]


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Cloud Analytics

Testing Under Control

Virtual Desktop Infrastructure


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Cloud Analytics Needs
•According to [9],

“Few decades back , the problem was
the shortage of information or data. In
modern era, this problem is overcome
by the advent of the Internet and
reduced storage cost. ”
•But the new challenge is to how to
analyze data?
•Data is getting generated as much
faster pace than the speed at which it
can be processed with the current
infrastructures.
•Huge and dedicated server were
designed and developed for the same,
but problem is the cost of such
infrastructure which is not affordable
for such companies.

•
•
•

•
•

Such seeking companies seeking
towards cloud computing for this
purpose.
Also termed as utility computing [9].
In general, business Intelligence
application such as
image
processing,
web
searches,
understanding buying and selling
needs, supply chain and ranking
and bio informatics (gene structure
prediction) are data intensive
applications.
Cloud can be the perfect match for
such analytics services.
For example , Google MapReduce
do the same by splitting data into
small chunk and distributed into
computing sources for analyzing.


74

Cloud Analytics
•Cerri et al,gives the new name to

 Single Data Mining Task – Like

this service “Knowledge in the cloud
” rather than “data in the cloud” to
support collaborative task which are
computationally
intensive
and
facilitate
distributed,
heterogeneous knowledge .

 Distributed

•According to Talia, knowledge

 Data Mining Applications or

service in the cloud can be classified
into 4Single Steps – Compose of KDD

process such as Preprocessing,
filtering and visualization.

classification, Clustering
Association rule discovery.

and

Data
Mining
Pattern- Such as Collective
learning, Meta Learning Models
and Parallel Classification.
KDD Processes – Including all f
services previously discussed.

As shown in figure referred from
[9]-


75


76


77

What is Desktop Virtualization?
According to [wiki] –

“Desktop
virtualization
is
software
technology that separates the desktop
environment and associated application
software from the physical client device that
is used to access it.”
Desktop virtualization can be used in
conjunction with application virtualization
and (Windows) user profile management
systems, now termed "user virtualization," to
provide
a
comprehensive
desktop
environment management system.
In this mode, all the components of the
desktop are virtualized, which allows for a
highly flexible and much more secure desktop
delivery model.
In addition, this approach supports a more
complete desktop disaster recovery strategy
as all components are essentially saved in the
data center and backed up through traditional
redundant maintenance systems.

 If a user's device or hardware is lost, the
restore is much more straightforward
and simple, because basically all the
components will be present at login from
another device.
 In addition, because no data is saved to
the user's device, if that device is lost,
there is much less chance that any
critical data can be retrieved and
compromised.


78

Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)
Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) is a

desktop-centric service that hosts user desktop
environments on remote servers and/or blade
PCs, which are accessed over a network using a
remote display protocol. A connection brokering
service is used to connect users to their assigned
desktop sessions.
For users, this means they can access their

desktop from any location, without being tied to
a single client device.



In other words [10]“Virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) is the
practice of hosting a desktop operating
system within a virtual machine (VM)
running on a centralized server. VDI is a
variation on the client/server computing
model, sometimes referred to as serverbased computing. The term was coined by
VMware Inc.”

Since the resources are centralized, users
moving between work locations can still access
the same desktop environment with their
applications and data.
For IT administrators, this means a more

centralized, efficient client environment that is
easier to maintain and able to respond more
quickly to the changing needs of the user and
business


79

VDI
According to Microsoft [11] –

1.

Microsoft VDI: allows users to
seamlessly access their rich and full
fidelity
Windows
environment
running in the datacenter, from any
device. Microsoft VDI is powered by
upcoming Windows Server 2012.

2. Experience: RemoteFX provides a
consistently rich user experience,
irrespective of what type of virtual
desktop is being accessed, or where the
users are accessing their desktops from.

With Remote Desktop Services
(RDS) and Hyper-V in Windows
Server 2012, organizations get the
following benefits-

3.

Platform: Windows Server 2012 provides
a single platform to deliver any type of
hosted desktop, making it simple to
deploy and easy to manage.

deployment choices: RDS can host either
Session based desktops, pooled VMs or
personal VMs. So customers have the
flexibility to deploy the right type of VDI
desktop for their users, all from a single
platform.


80

MicrosoftVDI Model


81

AnotherVDIApplication Model


82

MicrosoftVDI use case Model


83

VDI
•Desktop computing is ubiquitous
represents a growing cost for IT.

and

•Updating
operating
systems
and
applications has become very time
consuming and costly while securing access
to data has become more complex.
•Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) offers a
solution. VDI separates the desktop operating
system and application configuration from
the physical device.
•Instead of managing individual desktop
devices in a distributed manner, the software
stacks (operating system plus applications
and configuration settings) are hosted in the
data center using a master catalog of prebuilt and tested configurations.

•

Users are assigned to a particular
standard configuration that supports
their role.

•

When they connect to the VDI
environment, applications run on virtual
servers with screen updates pushed over
the network (campus LAN or WAN) to
the user’s display. Users can use a less
expensive device, such as “thin” or
“zero” clients, to attach to the network
while accessing the familiar desktop
environment and applications they have
when using a traditional desktop or
laptop PC, or they can use their PC with
images pushed to them upon login


84

Using cloud computing {Testing as a Service (ToS)}


85

What is Testing in the Cloud?
According to Wikipedia, "cloud testing
is a form of software testing in which

Web applications that leverage Cloud
computing environments ("cloud") seek
to simulate real-world user traffic as a
means of load testing and stress testing
web sites [12].
The ability and costs to simulate Web
traffic for software testing purposes has
been an inhibitor
to overall Web
reliability.“

According of survey of [12], cloud
testing is a –
““Cloud testing basically aligns with the
concept of cloud and SaaS. It
provides the ability to test by
leveraging the cloud, thereby
bringing the same benefits that the
cloud brings to Customers.”

(by Vinita Ananth, Director - APJ
Region, HP Softwareas-aService). ”


86

Objectives of the Cloud Testing
It has four major objectives [12]1. To assure the quality of cloud-based

applications deployed in a cloud,
including their functional services,
business processes, and system
performance as well as scalability
based on a set of application-based
system requirements in a cloud.
2. To validate software as a service
(SaaS) in a cloud environment,
including software performance,
scalability,
security
and
measurement based on
certain

3. To check the provided automatic
cloud-based functional services, for
example auto-provisioned functions.
4. To test cloud compatibility and interoperation capability between SaaS
and applications in a cloud
infrastructure, for example, checking
the APIs of SaaS and their cloud
connectivity to others.

economic scales and pre-defined
SLAs.


87

Advantages of Cloud Based Testing
Reduce costs by leveraging with
computing resources in clouds – This

refers to effectively using virtualized
resources
and
shared
cloud
infrastructure to eliminate required
computer resources and licensed
software costs in a test laboratory.
Take the advantage of on-demand test
services (by a third-party) to conduct
large-scale and effective real-time online
validation for internet based software in
clouds.
 Easily leverage scalable cloud system
infrastructure to test and evaluate
system
(SaaS/Cloud/Application)
performance and scalability
Workflow of Testing

88

Scope ofCloud Based SoftwareTesting
From [12]


89


90

References:
[1] Liu, F., Tong, J., Mao, J., Bohn, R., Messina, J., Badger, L.,and Leaf, D. (2011). NIST
Cloud Computing Reference Architecture. NIST Special Publication 500-292.
[2] Lee Badger, Tim Grance, Robert Patt-Corner and Jeff Voas” DRAFT Cloud Computing
Synopsis and Recommendations “, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
May 2011.
[3] Grace A. Lewis “The Role of Standards in Cloud Computing Interoperability”, Software
Engineering Institute, Technical Notes, Oct, 2012.
[4] http://www.microsoft.com/cloud/interop/
[5] http://searchcloudprovider.techtarget.com/definition/cloud-ecosystem
[6] http://blogs.msdn.com/b/dachou/archive/2011/03/16/rise-of-the-cloudecosystems.aspx
[7]http://www.appian.com/bpm-software/cloud-bpm.jsp#sthash.D6F8B5Bz.dpuf
[8] Michael Connaughton “Business Process Management and Cloud Computing”, Oracle,
Oracle Fusion Middleware, 2011.
[9] P Radha Krishna and Indukuri Verma “ Cloud Analytics – A Path Towards Next
Generation Affordable BI”, Infosys, White Paper, 2013.


91

References:
[10]. http://searchservervirtualization.techtarget.com/definition/virtual-desktopinfrastructure-VDI
[11]. http://www.microsoft.com/en-in/windows/enterprise/products-andtechnologies/virtualization/vdi.aspx

[12]. Jerry Gao, Xiaoying Bai and Wei-Tek Tsai “Cloud Testing- Issues, Challenges, Needs
and Practice”, Software engineering : an international Journal (SeiJ), Vol. 1, no. 1,
SePteMBer2011 .


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