Nuclear energy plays a key role in India's energy sector. It is considered more eco-friendly and efficient than other sources. India has extensive plans to increase nuclear power generation to meet its growing energy needs. However, nuclear power also faces challenges like public opposition, radioactive waste disposal, and safety issues. The Indian government strongly supports nuclear power but must also address these social and environmental concerns to ensure sustainable development of this important energy source.

1. IMPACT OF NUCLEAR
ENERGY IN INDIA
Presented By
RISHI GANESH.R (16BLA1007)
JEBARSON MERSON.E (16BLA1029)

2. CONTENTS
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• INTRODUCTION
• OBJECTIVES
• METHODOLOGY

4. LITERATURE REVIEW
• Nuclear Power provides a concise, up-to-date, accessible guide to the most controversial form of
power generation. In this book they state various methods for generating nuclear power and
evaluates the political. The analysis of real-life, tragic examples, such as the accidents in
Chernobyl and Fukushima us to understand and associate with the risks and dangers of this method
of power generation and the radioactive waste it creates. - Nuclear Power by Paul Breeze.
• The atom today generates less than three percent of India's electricity needs. But the country has an
impressive plan for the future. By 2022, the total generation of nuclear energy is expected to
increase eight times catering to around 10 percent of India's electricity needs. And by 2052, the
energy generated from atom would have increased 70 fold contributing nearly 26 percent of India's
total electricity requirements. - Development of Nuclear Energy Sector in India by Institute for
Defense Studies and Analyses
• Annals of Nuclear Energy provides an international medium for the communication of original
research, ideas and developments in all areas of the field of nuclear energy science and technology.
Its scope embraces nuclear fuel reserves, fuel cycles and cost, materials, processing, system and
component technology, design and optimization, direct conversion of nuclear energy sources -
Annals of nuclear energy by Mostafa Ghiaasiaan.

5. • Many authoritative analyses pointed out that humankind cannot feasibly achieve a global clean
energy revolution without a huge expansion of nuclear energy to generate electricity, produce
hydrogen for tomorrow’s vehicles and desalinate seawater to meet an emerging world water crisis.
Nuclear energy shows a low environmental impact and low greenhouse gas emissions in particular.
Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions require attention to be given to the full energy chain
emissions. Different approaches have been adopted to support decision making on environment
and energy issues. The most widespread ones are those based upon LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)
and externalities. - Environmental Impact of Nuclear Energy by Giambattista Guidi and
Franco Gugliermetti.
• Motivated by the environmental challenges and the increase in energy demand, this review
assesses the suitability of nuclear power production as an alternative option to using fossil fuels.
First, we assess the competitiveness of nuclear power compared to other power sources considering
its economic efficiency, environmental impact and implications for health, and conclude that this is
a viable option to serve in addition to and as a backup to renewable sources. - The Power Nuclear
Dilemma by Florentina Paraschiv and Dima Mohamad.

6. • Nuclear energy is a major part of power generation mix of many countries in the world. More than
430 nuclear power plants (NPPs) are operating and spreading all over the inhabited land. Although
there were only a few NPPs accidents, social and environmental impacts were too high. -
Alternative siting for Nuclear power production by Marwan Lingga and D.F. Kocaoglu.
• The current situation and possible future developments for nuclear power - including fission and
fusion processes is presented. The fission nuclear power continues to be an essential part of the
low-carbon electricity generation in the world for decades to come. - Nuclear Energy in the 21st
Century by Akos Horvath.
• Sustainability is characterized by the environmental friendly process best fitted for eco-systems
and the capacity to maintain a process smoothly indefinitely. - Sustainable Solution for Emerging
Future Threat by Mowdudur Rahman and Riasad Amin.
• Achieving sustainable solutions to today’s energy, environmental, and sustainable development
problems requires long-term planning and actions. - Nuclear Energy as a Component of
Sustainable Energy System by Marc A. Rosen.

7. • Nuclear power plants split uranium atoms in a process called fission. In a nuclear power plant, heat
is generated to produce steam that spins a turbine to generate electricity. Nuclear energy has been
proposed in response to the need for a clean energy source compared to CO2 production plants.
However, nuclear energy is not necessarily a source of clean energy as nuclear power plants release
small amounts of greenhouse emissions in activities related to building and running the plant. -
Assessment of Radiation Pollution from Nuclear Power Plant by Jibran Iqbal.
• It is an unbiased account of the trials and tribulations faced by Indian scientists while working on
the country’s nuclear power programme. An engrossing account of how engineers had to overcame
not just technical snags, but also political ambitions, before they succeeded in testing two powerful
nuclear bombs - in 1974 and 1998.- Nuclear Power in India by N. Sharma.
• Reprocessing of irradiated fuel to separate plutonium from uranium and U-233 from irradiated
thorium is the basic step required for initiating a fast reactor program. In this direction, a
radiochemistry laboratory was set up to develop radiochemical procedures for the separation of Pu
from irradiated uranium fuel, right in 1957. A Project Phoenix (Trombay Plutonium Plant) was
given sanction in 1958; construction was started in 1961 and commissioned in 1964 for producing
plutonium from the spent fuel from the CIR Reactor.- Saga of Energy in India by M.R.Iyer.

8. • People’s protest movements at Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal have shown
how ‘national’ nuclear power projects are increasingly coming into clash with ‘local’ stakeholders’
livelihoods and land rights. - India’s Nuclear Power Problem by Swaran Singh.
• Dr. Homi Bhabha, who foresaw, as early as in 1944, the potential of harnessing nuclear power in
improving the quality of life of the millions of people. - Nuclear Power in India - Past, Present
and Future by Dr. S.K. Jain.
• In general, electrical energy can be generated from (1) burning mined and refined energy sources
such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear; and (2) harnessing energy sources such as hydro,
biomass, wind, geothermal, solar, and wave power.- Nuclear Power as a Basis for Future
Electricity Generation by I. Pioro and R. Duffey.

9. INTRODUCTION
Oil, coal, solar, wind, or nuclear, energy sources have become a permanent necessity of modern
society. Since energy holds such a prominent role in the world, it affects political decisions,
relationships between countries, the economy, and the environment; it has become the core of most
day-to-day activities. Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India. India has been
making advances in the field of thorium-based fuels, working to design and develop a prototype for
an atomic reactor using thorium and low-enriched uranium, a key part of India's three stage nuclear
power programme done in the fusion power area through the ITER initiative.
 Key factor in the advancement of the world.
 Compared to other sources Nuclear energy is considered as a eco friendly and more efficient.
 Low environmental impact
 Size of the particles plays a major role in the environmental health.
 LCA is a useful tool able to quantify the overall environmental impacts of energy production.

10. OBJECTIVES
• Establishment and role of nuclear power plant in India.
• Financing aspects of Nuclear power plant in India.
• Environmental impact of nuclear energy
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear energy.
• Suggestions and Conclusions.

11. METHODOLOGY
IMPACT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
IN INDIA
LITERATURE REVIEW
ESTABLISHMENT AND ROLE
OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
FINANCIAL ASPECT OF NUCLEAR
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
ATTAINMENT OF
NUCLEAR ENERGY
USES OF NUCLEAR
ENERGY
ENERGY POLICY IN
INDIA
SAFETY ASPECTS
ATTITUDE OF GOVT &
PEOPLE
ANTI NUCLEAR
PROTEST
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
POWER PLANT EMISSION
GREENHOUSE GAS
SUGGESTIONS &
CONCLUSIONS

12. FINANCIALASPECTS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
IN INDIA
The energy policy of the Government of India aims to ensure adequate energy at a
minimum cost, achieve self -sufficiency in energy supplies and protect the environment
from adverse impact by utilizing energy resources judiciously. The main elements of the
energy policy are:
• Accelerated exploitation of conventional domestic energy sources viz.: coal, hydro, oil
and nuclear power.
• Energy conservation and management with a view to increasing energy productivity.
• Optimizing the utilization of existing capacity in the country.
• Development and exploitation of renewable sources of energy to meet the energy
• requirements of rural communities.
• Intensification of research and development in the field of new and renewable energy
sources.
• Organization of training for personnel engaged at various levels in the energy sector.

13. SAFETY ASPECTS
The word safety means the protection from harm and can be defined in terms of risk an activity is
considered to be safe when its associated risks are being controlled to acceptable levels.
• January 5, 1976: Jaslovské Bohunice, Czechoslovakiam, where a Malfunction during fuel
replacement. It happened in.
• March 28, 1979: Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, United States, where the loss of coolant and
partial core meltdown due to operator errors and technical flaws.
• April 26, 1986: Chernobyl, one of the reactors at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded
after unsanctioned experiments on the reactor by plant operators were done improperly, the
radiation from his incident is still present and Chernobyl is an abandoned town.
• March 11, 2011: Tsunami had flooded in Fukushima reactor in Japan and damaged the plant's 3
active reactors and thereby drowning two workers. Caused a loss of backup electrical power led to
overheating, meltdowns, and evacuations.

14. But in India these aspects are continuously reviewed by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
(AERB), an independent body, constituted by the government. Nuclear power plants in India have
established a good record of operational safety; there has been accident-free operation for more than
120 reactor years and there has been no injury or casualty due to radiation. Gaseous and liquid
releases from the nuclear power stations have been a small percentage of the limits authorized by the
AERB. Industrial accident frequency and severity rates for the nuclear power stations in operation
and under construction are far below national levels. Codes and standards followed in India conform
with international standards including those of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and
the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP).

15. ATTITUDE OF GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE
The government of India has extended a high level of support to nuclear power. This support has
been translated in terms of budgetary support to the program year after year. Until 1987, the
Government met the entire expenditure for the nuclear power program. With the formation of the
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) in 1987, part funding for the program started
flowing from the capital market as debt capital. However, the entire equity capital for the nuclear
power projects continued to come from the Government. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period
(1992-97), the flow of funds from the Government as equity capital was significantly lower than
required, due to financial constraints. However, from 1997 onwards, the trend has changed and the
flow of funds from the Government has increased. The public at large in India, has supported nuclear
power, as it is perceived as a source of energy with substantial potential available at reasonable
prices. However, there are pockets of population critical of nuclear power particularly on safety
issues. The limited public opposition is not considered a hurdle for the growth of nuclear power in
this country.

16. ANTI - NUCLEAR PROTEST
State-sanctioned brutal violence against its people has been the normal state of affairs from the
beginning of the developmental state in India. This violence has been used in the making of state-led
development projects, which has made citizens, particularly vulnerable populations (such as Tribals,
Dalits and other backward classes) second-class citizens within the country. However the state-led
violence directed against individuals resisting nuclear power projects has been unprecedented. Since
nuclear establishments are directly controlled by the state; questioning anything related to nuclear
energy has become anti-national and anti-state, making it easier to legitimize violence against them.

17. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT -
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Radioactive wastes are generated during various operations of the nuclear fuel cycle as well as
production and use of radionuclide for various societal applications. The activities like mining and
processing of uranium ore, fabrication of nuclear fuel, generation of power in nuclear reactor,
processing of spent nuclear fuel, management of radioactive waste, production and use of
radionuclide for various industrial and medical applications, research associating with radioactive
material etc. generates the different types of radioactive waste. Radioactive waste can be in gas,
liquid or solid form, and its level of radioactivity can vary. The waste can remain radioactive for a
few hours or several months or even hundreds of thousands of years. Depending on the level and
nature of radioactivity, radioactive wastes can be classified as exempt waste, Low & Intermediate
level waste and High Level Waste. The most important and advantageous property of radioactive
waste is 'Its radioactive hazard potential reduces with time depending on the half lives of radionuclide
present in the waste'. Such feature differentiates them significantly from conventional chemical or
industrial waste, hazard potential or toxicity of which does not alter with time and remains constant
till its transformation to other suitable form.

18. POWER PLANT EMISSION
Energy given off by matter in the form of tiny fast-moving particles (alpha particles, beta
particles, and neutrons) or pulsating electromagnetic rays or waves (gamma rays) emitted from
the nuclei of unstable radioactive atoms. All matter is composed of atoms, which are made up of
various parts; the nucleus contains minute particles called protons and neutrons, and the atom’s outer
shell contains other particles called electrons. The nucleus carries a positive electrical charge, while
the electrons carry a negative electrical charge. These forces work toward a strong, stable balance by
getting rid of excess atomic energy. In that process, unstable radioactive nuclei may emit energy, and
this spontaneous emission is called nuclear radiation. All types of nuclear radiation are also ionizing
radiation, but the reverse is not necessarily true; for example, x-rays are a type of ionizing radiation,
but they are not nuclear radiation because they do not originate from atomic nuclei. In addition, some
elements are naturally radioactive, as their nuclei emit nuclear radiation as a result of radioactive
decay, but others are induced to become radioactive by being irradiated in a reactor. Naturally
occurring nuclear radiation is indistinguishable from induced radiation.

19. GREENHOUSE GAS
Nuclear power is one of the leading low carbon power generation methods of
producing electricity, and in terms of total life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy
generated, has emission values comparable to or lower than renewable energy. A 2014 analysis of
the carbon footprint literature by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported
that the embodied total life-cycle emission intensity of nuclear power has a median value of 12 g CO
2eq/kWh, which is the lowest among all commercial base load energy sources. This is contrasted
with coal and natural gas at 820 and 490 g CO 2 eq/kWh. From the beginning of its
commercialization in the 1970s, nuclear power has prevented the emission of about 64 billion tonnes
of carbon dioxide equivalent that would have otherwise resulted from the burning of fossil fuels
in thermal power stations.

20. CASE STUDY
The Kudankulam Controversy
The Kudankulam nuclear project is a result of the MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) signed
in 1988 between India and the Soviet, i.e. , Russia. 7 After Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to Moscow in 1989,8
it was agreed between the two nations to set up a 2000 MW nuclear power plant in India. The
breakup of Soviet which led to the fall in trade between the two nations, and the US influence on the
Indian side reasoned to the holding of up the agreement. The deal was signed before the NSG
guidelines that came up in 1992 ,thus the deal was not in conformity with the NSG. But, in 1996,
there was a sudden swing in the foreign policy which paved the way for the construction of two
nuclear reactors of 1000 MW each in Kudankulam, which is around 650 kilometers away from the
city of Chennai.15 The first phase of construction led to the diversion of water from Pechiparai
irrigation dam in Kanyakumari district calling for the first set of protests from the rural folks.
Tuticorin port was again a site of dispute and protest since, the transportation via this port resulted in
huge damages to the raw materials. A small port was then constructed in Kudankulam only in
January, 2004 for the transportation purpose. Four more PWRs were also prescribed to be added to
the nuclear power plant as a result of an agreement signed in 2008 between Russia and India.

22. CONTROL MEASURES
• All Nuclear Power Plants in India are under the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited.
• Well regulated, have proper radiological protection of workers and the public, regular surveillance.
• Proper well documented and periodically rehearsed emergency preparedness and disaster
management plan.
• Atomic Energy Regulatory Board having powers to frame the policies.
• Stage-wise system of licensing.
• India's safety record has been excellent in over 277 reactor years of operation of power reactors.

23. RULES & REGULATIONS
• Stress test.
• Continuous improvement.
• Measuring exposure of radiation.
• Systematic safety reviews.
• Emergency contingency plans.
• Emergency exercises.
• External peer review.
• Nuclear power plant security.
• Ageing power plants.
• General (non-nuclear) health and safety.

24. COMAPRISON OF INDIAN LAW WITH UK LAW
INDIAN
LAW
• ATOMIC ENERGY 1962- An Act to provide for the development, control and use of atomic energy for the
welfare of the people of India and for other peaceful purposes and for matters connected therewith.
• The Atomic Energy (Amendment) Act, 2015
UK LAW
• Health and Safety at Work Act 1974- primary piece of legislation covering occupational health
and safety in Great Britain.
• Energy Act 2013- The Act focuses on setting decarbonisation targets for the UK, and reforming
the electricity market.
• Nuclear Installations Act 1965- The Nuclear Installations (Licensing and Insurance) Act 1959
and the Radioactive Substances Act 1960. together forma Act of 1965

25. CONCLUSION
Nuclear energy is considered as the future of technology in the energy field. And with the
available of raw materials needed for the working, India is said to be blessed in the nuclear energy
field. But at the same time in India even with such a low per capita consumption of electricity, is
already the third largest emitter of GHG gases. Thus in my point of view development is needed in
our country but at the same time environment protection must also be done in order to have a good
future. Hence certain ideas can be followed.
Required amount of energy can be generated from nuclear projects
Maximizing the use of renewable sources.
Find ways to make less emission of carbon gases