English for special purposes

3. COURSE
DESIGN
is the process by which the
raw data about a learning
need is interpreted in order
to produce an integrated
series of teaching-learning
experiences, whose ultimate
aim is to lead the learners
to a particular state of
knowledge.

6. this is the simplest kind of
course design process and is
probably the one most familiar to
English Teachers. This aims to
draw as direct connections as
possible between the analysis of
the target situation and the content
of ESP course.

7. Identiify learner’s
target situation
Select theoretical views
of language
Identify linguistic
features of target
situation
Create Syllabus
Design materials to
exemplify syllabus items
Establish evaluation procedures to test
acquisition of syllabus items

8. • It has been applied in a number of countries,
particularly in Latin America. Students in
universities and colleges there have the
limited, but important need to read subject
texts in English, because they are unavailable
in the mother tongue. In response to this
need, a number of ESP projects have been set
up with specific aim of developing the
students’ ability to read in English.

9. Two fundamental principles of skills-centered
course design
 Basic theoretical hypothesis
is that underlying any language behavior
are certain skills and strategies which the
learner uses in order to produce or comprehend
discourse. SCA aims to get away from the
surface performance data and look at the
competence that underlies the performance

10. Pragmatic basis
it was derived from a distinction made by Widdowson
(1981) between goal-oriented courses and process-oriented
courses. Holmes pointed out that:
In ESP the main problem is usually one of the time available and
student experience. First, the aims may be defined in terms of
what is desirable. –i.e. to be able to read in the literature of the
students’ specialism but, there may be nowhere near enough
time to reach this aim during the period of this course. Secondly,
the students may be in their first year of studies with little
experience of literature of their specialism. . . Accordingly both
this factors.. May be constraints which say right from the start,
“the aims cannot be achieved during the course.”

11. The emphasis in the ESP course, then, is not
achieving a particular set of goals, but on
enabling the learners to achieve what they can
within the given constraints:
• The process-oriented approach… is at least
realistic in concentrating on strategies and
processes of making students aware of their
own abilities and potential, and motivating
them to tackle target texts on their own after
the end of the course, so that they can
continue to improve..

12. Theoretical
views of
language
Identify target
situation
Analyze skills/ strategies
required to cope in target
situation
Write syllabus
Theoretical
views of
learning
Select text and write
exercises to focus on
skills/strategies in syllabus
Establish evaluation procedure which
require the use of skill/strategies in
syllabus

13. this approach is based on the principle that learning is
totally determined by the learner. As teachers we can influence
what we teach, but what learners learn is determined by the
learners alone
learning is seen as a process in which the learners use
what knowledge or skills they have in order to make sense of the
flow of new information.
learning, therefore, is an internal process which is
crucially dependent upon the knowledge the learners already
have and their ability and motivation to use it.
learning is not just a mental process, it is a process of
negotiation between individuals and society.

14. Identify Learners
Theoretical
views of
Language
Analyze
Target
Situation
Theoretical
views of
Learning
Analyze
Learning
Situation
Identify
attitudes/wants/potential of
learners
Identify needs/ potential/
constraints of learning
teaching situation
Identify skills and
knowledge needed to
function in the target
situation
Write syllabus/materials to
exploit the potential of the
learning situation in the
acquisition of skills and
knowledge required by the
Evaluation Evaluation
target situation

15. A language-centered approach says: this the
nature of the target situation performance and
that will determine ESP course.
A skills-centered approach says: that’s not
enough, we must look behind target performance
data to discover what processes enable someone
to perform. Those processes will determine the
ESP course.
A learning-centered approach says: that’s not
enough either. We must look beyond the
competence that enables someone to perform,
because what we really want to discover is not
the competence itself, but how someone acquires
that competence.

16. Identify target situation
Analyze target situation
Analyze learning situation
Write syllabus
Write materials
Teach materials
Evaluate learner achievement
A language-centered approach
Considers the learners to here
A skill-centered approach
Considers the learners to here
A
comparison
of
approaches
to course
design
A learning-centered approach
Considers the learners to here

17. In the figure shows that a learning-centered approach to
course design takes account of the learner at every stage of
the design process. This has two implications:
Course design is a negotiated process. There is no
single factor which has an outright determining influence
on the content of the course. The ESP learning situation
and the target situation with both influence the nature of
the syllabus, materials, methodology and evaluation
procedures. Similarly each of these components will
influence and be influenced by the others.
Course design is a dynamic process. It does not
move in a linear fashion from initial analysis to complete
course. Needs and resources vary with time. The course
design, therefore, needs to have built-in feedback channels
to enable the course to respond to developments.

18. WHAT?
Language
descriptions
WHO? WHY?
WHERE?
WHEN?
Needs Analysis
HOW?
Learning
Theories
ESP
COURSE
Nature of
particular
target and
learning
situation
syllabus
Method
ology
Factors
affecting ESP
Course Design

19. ESP is based on designing
courses to meet Learner’s
need
What does course
design involve?
Ways of
describing
language
Needs
Analysis
Models of
learning
Approaches to
course design
SECTION 2:
COURSE DESIGN

20. How do you
use a course
design?
Syllabus design
Materials
evaluation
Materials
design
Methodology
Evaluation
What is the
role of ESP?
Orientation Resources
SECTION 3:
APPLICATION
SECTION 3:
THE TEACHER

21. • This principles below applies to intermediate and advanced students of
English.
1. Content difficulty should approximate the level in their normal courses.
This means for instance, you cannot expect medical students and
doctors to study high school biology. Medical students need University
Level content. And if this means that the English teacher cannot
understand the science, then so be it: let the English teacher learn the
science.
2. Content should lead language. The content itself should be useful to the
students, and should be stretching in its own right. This does not mean
that the texts used are always complicated: there are plenty of genres,
such as blogs, the latest news etc where the content is new and
interesting and still covers the needs to reinforce basic language.
3. The exercises on the material should be authentic, as well as the
material itselfThis means an end to trivial tasks, and a major focus on
real world comprehension, inferencing, and debating.

22. 4. There should be massive exposure to content and
language This massive exposure should often come from
many directions simultaneously.
5. We need to be using authentically long texts for listening
and reading
6. Communication gaps should be massively exploited
It is well known that language is learned fastest when there
is a desire to know, or when there is controversy.
7. Methods should draw inspiration from content teachers
The comparison to be made is with how L1 learners advance
and learn a new technical subject in L1. Therefore, ESP
should draw inspiration from the content teaching methods
in L1 (which frequently have high demands on language).

23. 8. Elaborate, but do not simplify Elaborated texts retain the original
complex authentic text, with all the associated context, redundancy, and
language clues. They add extra supporting material, and this elaboration
is much
more than translations or synonyms. It can include supplementary
material, and extra extended explanations. In short, elaboration should
not lead to simplification. Rather, the material is repeated
in another linguistic form.
9. Train students to handle difficult texts. Just as in advanced L1, we
should not expect
students to understand every idea or word Native speaker academics
frequently do not understand every single idea or word in a text. Yet they
are capable of using the texts. Therefore, the language teacher should not
expect students to fully understand every text.
10.Consider using translation as a scaffolding for weak students:
11.Speed up learning by drawing on the research comparing French and
English
Of course, this research is hard to find, except on this website! Few
linguists have been willing to
do the careful legwork needed for such comparisons.

24. 12.Massive exposure, and extracting meaningful information
should be the focus - NOT
language pointsThis point derives from the fact that for students
from B2 onwards (upper intermediate) there is no6.
Communication gaps should be massively exploited. It is well
known that language is learned fastest when there is a desire to
know, or when there is controversy.
13.A course designer should have three syllabuses: a content syllabus,
a language syllabus, and a
learning/skills syllabus. The ‘content syllabus’ should be related to the
way the specialists
divide up the subject.
14.Students need exposure to the multiple genres within their specialty.
These genres can differ widely in language and style.
15.Ideally, another subject should be taught in English, and failing that,
compulsory readings in English should be set by the subject specialist.
When students really want to understand, when they are encouraged
by examination pressure, then they will make the extra effort to learn.

25. Skills and strategies