1. Boreholes Paleoclimatology Lee Jaejoon

2. Where does the data come from? From the Earth! US, Canada, Britain, Africa, China, Russia, Australia

3. What kinds of useful data does it produce? And identify some data it does not produce. Provides Vertical timeline of past climates annual record of temperature, precipitation, atmospheric composition, volcanic activity, and wind patterns Local wind patterns environmental conditions when the snow formed Advance an retreat of glaciers. Doesn’t Provide What types of organisms lived in the past.

4. How do you “use” this method Water Wells Soil must be soft. Metal rings support the soil to avoid collapse First pound a pipe with weight A drill is rotated

5. Ice Caps -The cutting pipe has sharp teeth -A motor rotates the pipe -Fingers pop out to keep the ice cap enclosed in the pipe. -The Pipe is lifted

6. How do we interpret the boreholes?(icecaps) Annual snow layers can be seen in the ice caps. The thickness difference shows the annual amount of snow and the layers differ between summer and winter due to the snow melting from the sun. The ratio of oxygen isotopes shows the temperature. An ultra-precise thermometer is also used to find the temperature. This method give a rough data of the trend of temperature. Particles that were in the air get trapped in ice caps and we can see particles such as volcanic dust, smoke and pollen.

7. How do we interpret the boreholes? (Disturbing Factors) Variation of surface temperature in 2m Variation of annual temperature in 20m Surface topography, vegetation and hydrological conditions affect the subsurface temperature. Groundwater conditions create uncertainty.

8. How do we interpret the boreholes? Temperature changes in surface soil occur due to conduction, a direct heat transfer. Scientists are able to calculate the rate it takes for temperature to change inside the earth to find the temperature. A thermometer or a cable with lots of temperature sensors can be used.

9. Borehole Site: CA-001-0