general physiology of respiratory disorders asthma, emphysema, pneumonia.

2. Disorders of the
respiratory system

4. Asthma

5. Asthma
• Asthma is a chronic lung
disease that obstructs airflow
• The obstruction is
reversible
• It involves difficulty in
breathing due to
– Inflammation (swelling)
– Mucus in the airways
– Tightening of muscles
around the airways

6. Asthma
• WHO estimates that 235 million
people currently suffer from asthma
• Asthma is the most common chronic
disease among children.
WHO

8. Causes
• Inflammation of air passage
• Hypersensitivity of afferent
glossopharyngeal and vagal ending in
larynx & afferent trigeminal endings
in nose.
• Pulmonary edema & congestion of
lungs.

9. Symptoms
• Coughing
• Wheezing, a whistling sound
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness
• Sneezing & runny nose
• Itchy and inflamed eyes

10. Genetics
If one parent has asthma, chances are 1
in 3 that each child will have asthma.

11. Genetics
• If both parents have asthma, 7 in
10 children will have asthma.

12. Can asthma be cured?
• Asthma can be controlled (but not cured) by:
– Avoiding triggers or reducing exposure to triggers
– Using medication to control symptoms
• Medications - generally two types are used
– Controller or long-term drugs
• Taken to prevent excess production of mucus & to reduce
the inflammation and constriction of airway muscles
– Rescue or quick-relief drugs
• Taken to relax muscles around the airways to improve
breathing

14. PNEUMONIA
•Pneumonia is the
inflammation of lung
tissues, followed by the
accumulation of blood
cells, fibrin & exudates in
the alveoli. Affected part
of lung become
consolidated.

15. PNEUMONIA
• Pneumonia kills nearly two million
children every year in the world
under the age of five.
• In Pakistan, one in every four
children deaths are due to this
disease.
Daily Times Monday,
November 21, 2011

16. PNEUMONIA
Individuals Most at Risk for Pneumonia
• Elderly
• Those with viral infection
• AIDS or immunosuppressed patients
• Smokers
• Patients with chronic respiratory
disease e.g. bronchial asthma.

17. Causes
Pneumonia occurs when bacteria
(most commonly Streptococcus
pneumoniae), chemical irritants, or
viruses get into your lungs.
Pneumonia causes the alveoli in the
lungs to fill with pus or other liquid.
This causes difficulty in breathing.

18. Symptoms
• Fever
• Cyanosis (Bluish skin)
• Difficulty breathing
• Increased pulse
• Mucus cough
• Delirium(Mental confusion)
• Compression of chest & chest pain

19. Symptoms

20. Delirium
•Confused mental state
•Illusions(misunderstanding of stimulus)
•Hallucination
•Disorientation
•Loss of memory
•Hyperexcitability (Muscle twitching &
cramp)

21. Treatment
To treat Pneumonia a doctor would choose
an antibiotic. Mainly based on health, how
serious the pneumonia is, and by how old
patient is.
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic medicine that is
sometimes prescribed by doctors.
If pneumonia isn’t bad, the infection can be
treated at home with oral antibiotics.

22. EMPHYSEMA

23. EMPHYSEMA
Emphysema is a lung disease
that is classified as a COPD
(Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease)

25. Causes
There are several things that cause
emphysema
It can be inherited
Prolonged exposure to environmental
toxins
and...........

26. Causes
The #1 cause is cigarette smoking. 82% of
cases are related to smoking

27. Symptoms
• Shortness of breath
• Chronic high levels of CO2 in blood and low
O2
• Chronic mucus production (chronic
bronchitis)
• Constant coughing or need to clear the
throat
• Wheezing
• Sleep problems
• Heart problems

29. Treatment
• Stop of smoking is the most important
and effective treatment.
• Medications used to improve breathing
include bronchodilators, diuretics, and
corticosteroids.
• Antibiotics may be prescribed when
respiratory infections occur.
• Vaccines against the flu and pneumonia
are recommended for people with
emphysema

31. References
•http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/emphy
sema/overview.html
•www.who.int/topics/asthma/en/
•www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en
•http://www.emedicinehealth.com/emphysema/article_e
m.htm#Emphysema%20Overview
•http://www.emedicinehealth.com/asthma/article_em.ht
m
IMAGES
•https://adamimages.com/
•http://www.google.com.pk/
BOOKS
•Medical Physiology by Jaypee
•Medical physiology by Gayton & Hall

32. Thank You

33. Questions?