2. I. The Mobilization of Peoples: Four
Examples
A. Even more than WWI, WWII was a
total war.
1. The war had an enormous impact on
civilian life in many parts of the world.
B. In the Soviet Union initial defeats led
to drastic emergency measures.
1. Leningrad was under siege for 900 days.
a. Over one million people died due to food
shortages.
b. People had to eat dogs, cats, and mice.
3. C. Soviet workers dismantled factories in
the west and shipped them to the east,
out of the way of the attacking German
army.
1. At times workers ran machines as new
factory buildings were build up around
them.
D. Soviet industrialization produced
78,000 tanks and 98,000 pieces of
artillery.
1. In 1943 55% of the national income went
to war materials.
a. As a result there were severe shortages of
food and housing.
4. E. Soviet women were an important part
of the war effort.
1. Women working in industry increased
60%.
a. They worked in industries, mines, and
railroads.
2. They dug anti-tank ditches and worked as
air raid wardens.
3. Some fought in battles and flew in
bombers.
5. F. The U.S. became an arsenal for the
Allies.
1. The U.S. produced much of the military
equipment needed to fight the Axis.
2. In 1943, the U.S. was building six ships a
day and 96,000 planes per year.
G. The American mobilization created
some social turmoil.
1. There was a widespread movement of
people.
a. Moving for military reasons, or looking for
jobs.
6. H. African Americans were profoundly
impacted by the war.
1. Over one million African Americans
moved from the South to cities in the
North and West to work in war industries.
a. This influx of African Americans led to social
tensions and even violence.
2. A million African Americans joined the
military.
a. They served in segregated units.
b. Following the war, many were ready to fight
for their civil rights.
7. I.
` on the West
Japanese Americans
Coast were moved into internment
camps.
1. 65% were born in the U.S.
2. Forced to give loyalty oaths and live in
camps.
a. Government claimed it was for national
security, but the Japanese were the only Axis
descendants put into camps.
8. J. In 1939 many Germans feared that the
war would bring disaster.
1. To keep morale, Hitler refused to cut
consumer-goods production for the first
two years of the war.
a. Policy will change with the defeats on the
Russian front.
9. K. Early 1942, Hitler increased arms
production and the size of the army.
1. Albert Speer became minister of
armaments and munitions.
2. In June 1944 schools, theaters, and cafes
were closed.
10. L. Before the war, the Nazi tried to keep
women out of the job Market.
1. As the war progressed, more and more
men had to serve in the military.
2. The Nazi changed their policies and
encouraged women to work.
a. The number of women working increased very
little from 1939-1944.
11. M. Wartime Japan was a highly mobilized
society.
1. The government controlled prices, wages,
labor and resources.
a. Citizens were encouraged to sacrifice for the
national cause.
2. Kamikaze Pilots- Late in the war, young
Japanese volunteered to serve as suicide
pilots against U.S. ships.
12. N. The Japanese government opposed
employing women.
1. General Tojo, argued that employing
women would weaken the family system
and the nation.
2. Female employment increased only in
areas in which women had traditionally
worked, such as textiles and farming.
a. The Japanese met labor shortages by using
Korean and Chinese laborers.
13. II. Frontline Civilians: The Bombing of
Cities
A. Bombing was used against military
targets, enemy troops, and civilian
populations.
1. WWII first was in which large masses of
civilians were bombed.
B. Following WWI European nations
began to think that bombing civilian
targets could be used to force
governments to make peace.
1. During the 1930s, nations developed
long-range bombers.
14. C. The first sustained bombing was done
by the Germans against London.
1. For months, the Germans bombed the
city nightly.
2. There were heavy casualties and
tremendous damage.
3. In spite of the heavy bombing, British
morale remained high.
a. The idea that bombing civilians would force
peace was proved wrong.
15. D. In 1942, the British began major
bombing campaigns against German
cities.
1. They hoped the bombing would break the
morale of the German people.
a. Ignored their experience.
E. The bombing of Germany added to
civilian terror.
1. They particularly feared incendiary
bombs, which spread fire when they
exploded.
16. F. The bombing of Germany may have
killed a half-million civilians.
1. In spite of the terrible destruction, the
bombing did not seem to sap the morale
of the German people.
2. The destruction of transportation system
and fuel supplies strongly impacted the
ability of the Germans to supply their
military forces.
17. G. In November, 1944 the Allies
began attacks on Japanese cities.
1. The Japanese air force could no
longer defend Japan.
2. By the following summer, a fourth of
Japanese dwellings had been
destroyed and many of its industries.
18. III. Peace and a New War
A. In November 1943, Stalin,
Churchill, and Roosevelt met in
Tehran to decide the future
course of the war.
1. They decided that G.B. and U.S.
would attack Germany through
France in 1944.
2. Agreed to partition postwar
Germany.
19. B. In February of 1945, the Big Three
met at Yalta in S. Russia.
1. At that time, they knew that the
Germans were beaten.
2. 11 million Soviet troops were in
control of Eastern and Central
Europe.
20. 3. Roosevelt favored the idea of self-
determination of postwar Europe.
1. Each country would choose it own form
of government.
3. Stalin wanted a buffer state between
the West and the Soviet Union.
4. Agreed that the Axis must surrender
unconditionally.
21. C. Roosevelt wanted Soviet military help
against Japan.
1. Agreed to let the Soviets have Sakhalin
and the Kuril Islands.
2. Also permitted to have railroad rights in
Manchuria.
D. Roosevelt wanted to create the United
Nations organization to help resolve
difficult international disagreements.
1. Big Three met at Yalta and the founding
meeting was in April 1945, in San
Francisco.
22. E. The Potsdam Conference was
held in July 1945.
1. Roosevelt had died in April and was
replaced by Harry Truman.
a. Truman demanded that free elections
be held throughout E. Europe.
b. Stalin refused to concede.
2. Free elections were seen as a direct
threat to his Communist
governments.
23. F. Many Western leaders thought
that the Soviets intended to
spread communism throughout
the world.
1. The Soviets saw the Western policy
as global capitalist expansionism.
G. In March 1946, Winston Churchill
declared that an “iron curtain” had
“descended across the continent.”
