2. I. The Congress of Vienna
a. Austria, Prussia, Russia and Great
Britain
i. The powers of Europe wanted to
restore the old order following
Napoleon’s defeat.
ii. Metternich-Austrian foreign minister
led the Congress. Established the
principle of Legitimacy.
1. He decided to restore legitimate monarchs
deposed by Napoleon
3. B. Some countries will not accept
the principle of legitimacy.
C. The Congress also rearranged
European territories to form a
new balance of military and
political power to keep on
country from dominating Europe.
4.
5. II. The Conservative Order
a. Conservatism is based on tradition of
social stability.
i. Conservatives wanted obedience to
traditional political authority.
ii. They did not like revolution or demands
for rights and government representation.
b. Congress agreed to meet in the future to
take steps to keep the balance of power
in Europe.
i. Meetings become known as Concert of
Europe.
6. c. Principle of intervention:
countries had a right to intervene
where revolutions were
threatening monarchies.
i. Britain rejected the principle,
saying countries should not
interfere in the internal affairs of
other states.
ii. Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France
did crush revolutions.
7. III.Forces of Change
a. The forces of liberalism and
nationalism were gathering to
bring about change from the old
order.
i. Liberalism-based on Enlightenment
Principals that people should be
free from government restraints.
1. Ex. American Bill of Rights.
8. b. Liberals supported religious
toleration.
i. Supported separation of church and
state.
ii. Favored constitutional forms of
government.
c. Liberals believed that the right to
vote should be men who owned
property.
i. Wanted to share power with the
middle class, not the lower class.
9. d. Nationalism- A sense of belonging to a
community with common institutions,
traditions, language, and customs.
i. This community is called a nation.
ii. Citizens owe their loyalty to the nation,
not the king.
e. Nationalists believed that each
nationality should have its own
government.
i. Conservatives feared that this would
upset the balance of power in Europe.
10. IV.The Revolutions of 1848
a. The forces of nationalism and
liberalism erupted in revolutions.
b. France endured severe economic
problems.
i. Created hardships for the lower class.
ii. Middle class wanted the right to vote.
iii. King refused and opposition grew.
11. c. Monarchy is overthrown in 1848.
i. Many wanted to set up a republic.
ii. Election would be held to elect
members of the Constituent Assembly,
which would develop a new
constitution.
d. New constitution ratified.
i. Second Republic.
ii. Single Legislature.
iii. President served 4 years.
1. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected.
13. e. Germanic Confederation- 38
Independent German states
recognized by the Congress of
Vienna.
i. An Assembly, met to fulfill the liberal
and nationalist goal of creating a
constitution that guaranteed;
1. Free Press.
2. Trials by jury.
3. An all German Parliament.
14. f. Multinational state- collection of
different peoples.
i. Only the Hapsburg emperor provided a
common bond.
ii. Germans will play a leading role in
governing Austria even though they were
only a quarter of the population.
g. March 1848 demonstrations will occur
throughout the German states.
i. Metternich will be dismissed.
ii. Citizens call for liberal constitutions.
iii. Rebels will be crushed by Austrian and
Russian military force.
15. V. Revolts in Italian States
a. The congress of Vienna set up nine
states in Italy.
i. Revolutions occur in Lombardy and
Venetia.
ii. Austrians reestablished complete
control over the two areas.
