SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 31
Baixar para ler offline
Co-creating Archives Accreditation
              Workshop
          3rd February 2012

         Janice Tullock Associates
Aims of the day
• Introduce research and thinking to date
• Discuss the proposed model for archives
  accreditation
• Discuss the possible contents of an archives
  accreditation standard
• Secure support for participation in the co-
  creation process
Accreditation in the museums
            sector
Co-creation
“the practice of collaborative product or service
   development: developers and stake-holders
                working together.”

 Fronteer Strategy White Paper 2009,
 Co-creations 5 guiding principles
Thinking about accreditation
• What, in your opinion and experience, would
  make an Archives Accreditation Scheme
  successful in improving your service?

• Please suggest up to 3 key points in order of
  importance
Overview of the Project
Purpose: to Design an Archives Accreditation Scheme for the UK
Aims to be :
• A standards scheme that drives improvement by externally validating and
   accrediting achievement
• Purpose built to meet the needs of archives
• Driven and owned by the archives sector
• Focused on user needs and experiences
• Affordable and deliver value for money
• Open to all archives that meet basic eligibility criteria
• Aligned to museum Accreditation
• Replace the Self Assessment Scheme (for local government in England &
   Wales); dovetails with Public Record Place of Deposit and Approved
   Archive status and S60 monitoring.
• To align with other UK archive programmes.
Benefits of archives accreditation
                  Or isn’t this the wrong time for this?
Work to date
•       Stage 1:
    –      Scope the aims and aspirations of partners, explore best practice
           models and examine how these could be transferred.
    –      to explore how a standard should be developed to ensure sector
           support
    –      To identify possible models
    –      to assess what resources might be required to pilot, deliver and
           manage the standard.
•       Stage 2:
    –      establish partnerships with strategic bodies and sector stakeholders
    –      set scheme scope and parameters
    –      conduct post-CSR review of delivery mechanisms and budgets
    –      set up sector working groups
•       Stage 3:
    –      Co-creation with the sector
Stage 1 research : A precis
•   Review of the benefits and issues arising from Self-
    Assessment process in England and Wales

•   Examination & analysis of other models and discussion of
    improvement tool v accreditation scheme:
     •       Self-improvement tools:
         –        goal = achieving sustainable excellence
         –        do not seek to accredit, recognise, or rank


     •       Accreditation Schemes
         –        certificate excellence or achievement of defined standards
         –        externally validated, but may incorporate self-evaluation
         –        formal ‘badge of approval’
Models : Key learning points
• Eligibility
   – Archives and/or records management – what’s being
     assessed?
   – Securing corporate buy-in
• Model type
   – Self-improvement tool or Accreditation Scheme?
• Process
   – Directive, or flexible and modular?
   – Proportionate
Models : Learning points

• Validation
  – small, focussed review/validation teams
  – use of peer reviewers
• Costs
  – Fee charging for validation services common
• Support
  –   clear, coordinated guidance essential
  –   one-stop-shop
  –   quality rather than quantity
  –   value of people support
Stage 2 research

• Refinement due to governmental policy
  changes
• Changes due to the demise of MLA and
  transfer to TNA
A Blended Solution
Archives Accreditation ‘Building Block’


                             STANDARDS/
                            REQUIREMENTS




      MODULES   GRADING /   GUIDANCE &     DELIVERY
                 LEVELS      SUPPORT       PROCESS




                            ASSESSMENT
Pre-qualification or ‘milestone’ markers
   Options                                                                      • for organisations on a journey towards full
                                                                                accreditation

1. Same structure as revised Museum                                             Minimum standards
Accreditation Scheme;                                                           • common to all museum and archive applicants
2. Request changes to the proposed                                              • museums only
modules for Museum Accreditation;                                               • archives only
3. Create additional modules; or
4. Create different modules.                                                    Additional standards
                                                              STANDARDS/
                                                                                • Supplementary standards for certain categories of
                                                             REQUIREMENTS       archives and museums
                                                                                • ‘Silver’ standards
                                                                                • ‘Gold’ standards

                                                                                                  1. Prescriptive delivery process
                                               GRADING /     GUIDANCE         DELIVERY
                                                             & SUPPORT                            directed by the awarding body;
                               MODULES          LEVELS                        PROCESS
                                                                                                  or
                                                                                                  2. More flexible, modular
                                                                                                  approach, offering applicants
                                                                                                  choice
                                                             ASSESSMENT
   1. Single minimum standard like Museum                                                        1. TNA & MLA streamlining
   Accreditation;                                                                                2. MDO and/or Museum
   or                                                                                            Accreditation Officer changes
   2. Stepped awards e.g.                                                                        3. Peer support networks
   • Star ratings (TNA Self-Assessment)                                                          4. Centralised online guidance
   • Standard, Silver and Gold Awards (Artsmark)      1.   Self evaluation
   • Levels of Excellence (EFQM Excellence Model      2.   Desk review
   recognition awards)                                3.   In-house, external or mixed review/validation teams
   • Stepping Stones – Foundation, Intermediate,      4.   Peer reviewers
   Full Award (International Schools Award)           5.   Independent consultant assessors
                                                      6.   In-house, external or mixed Moderation or Awards Panels
                                                      7.   External third party accreditation bodies (e.g. UKAS)
Recommendations                                            •Identify common standards with
                                                           museums
                                                           •Develop standards specific to
                                                           archives, and to different archive
                                                           types
                                                                                                •National administrative structure,
                                                                                                coordinated centrally by TNA
  •Same sections as revised                                       STANDARDS /                   •Open invitation process
  Museum Accreditation Scheme:                                   REQUIREMENTS
                                                                                                •Flexible, modular approach
  •Organisational health
                                                                                                •Some direction and prioritisation by
  •Collections
                                                                                                national assessing bodies
  •Users & their experience


                           MODULES             GRADING /           GUIDANCE &             DELIVERY
                                                LEVELS              SUPPORT               PROCESS




                                                                  ASSESSMENT

             •Core (minimum) standards – weighted
             to different archive types
                                                                                           •Develop regional partnerships
             •Basic level + 1 or 2 enhanced levels
                                                                                           •Create peer support networks
                                                                                           •Develop central UK digital
                                                                                           resource
                                                                                           •Develop UK training programme
                             •Nationally-managed assessment process, moderated by          and networks through ARA
                             a UK Panel/Committee
                             •Level of validation for X% new applicants; X%
                             returns
                             •Small mixed review teams including peer reviewers
                             •Combined committee structure with sub-panels in
                             partnership with Museums Accreditation Scheme
                             •Widen Committee/Panel membership to include other
                             sectors (e.g. education, health, business)
Discuss: The Building Block Approach
1.   What might work and why?
2.   What might not work and why?
3.   Are there other options?
                                                      STANDARDS/
                                                     REQUIREMENTS




                               MODULES   GRADING /   GUIDANCE &     DELIVERY
                                          LEVELS      SUPPORT       PROCESS




                                                     ASSESSMENT
The plan for co-creation
• The creation of a “destruction” document
• Series of workshops to introduce our thinking
• Webinar – 9 Feb
• By the 6 Feb online environment will be complete and you will
  be emailed joining information for the online discussions
• The online forum will be web based, accessible and encourage
  short sharp contributions.
Co-creating the Standard – Destruction Document layout



                            Sections :

                     1. Organisational Health
                         2. Collections
                  3. Users and their experiences
Co-creating the Standard – Destruction Document layout


• Divided into :

   – Headline       - Area of work

   – Objective      - The goal of this section
   – Standard       – The specific requirement

   – Learn more     - More detail
   – Evidence
   – Resources
Sample
1 Organisational Health
1.3 Appropriate management arrangements
Objective: The interests of stakeholders and collections are
   served through the responsible management of the archive
   service.
Standard: The archive service is an effective organisation that is
   well managed and able to provide evidence of the
   requirements outlined below
1.3.1 The service has a satisfactory management structure from
   the governing body to the user
Headlines
1. What’s missing?
2. What’s described wrongly?
Sample Section
1. What works?
2. What doesn’t work?
3. What would be your preferred text?
Thank you !

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Semelhante a Archives Accreditation Workshop wales presentation

Tae assessment power point
Tae assessment power pointTae assessment power point
Tae assessment power point
teresao44
 
Pilot training archive service accreditation
Pilot training   archive service accreditationPilot training   archive service accreditation
Pilot training archive service accreditation
Janice Tullock
 
Assessment methods
Assessment methodsAssessment methods
Assessment methods
teresao44
 
Anna Dickinson REF Update from HEFCE
Anna Dickinson REF Update from HEFCEAnna Dickinson REF Update from HEFCE
Anna Dickinson REF Update from HEFCE
ARLGSW
 

Semelhante a Archives Accreditation Workshop wales presentation (20)

Tae assessment power point
Tae assessment power pointTae assessment power point
Tae assessment power point
 
Pilot training archive service accreditation
Pilot training   archive service accreditationPilot training   archive service accreditation
Pilot training archive service accreditation
 
Assessment methods
Assessment methodsAssessment methods
Assessment methods
 
M0-Orientation-June 2014-FINAL
M0-Orientation-June 2014-FINALM0-Orientation-June 2014-FINAL
M0-Orientation-June 2014-FINAL
 
An overview of the REF
An overview of the REFAn overview of the REF
An overview of the REF
 
Accreditation introduction workshop slides 2017
Accreditation introduction workshop slides 2017Accreditation introduction workshop slides 2017
Accreditation introduction workshop slides 2017
 
Business archives and accreditation
Business archives and accreditationBusiness archives and accreditation
Business archives and accreditation
 
Agile Testing
Agile TestingAgile Testing
Agile Testing
 
Accreditation introduction workshop slides - updated 2017 with timescales
Accreditation introduction workshop slides - updated 2017 with timescalesAccreditation introduction workshop slides - updated 2017 with timescales
Accreditation introduction workshop slides - updated 2017 with timescales
 
Certification Leaflet
Certification LeafletCertification Leaflet
Certification Leaflet
 
Anna Dickinson REF Update from HEFCE
Anna Dickinson REF Update from HEFCEAnna Dickinson REF Update from HEFCE
Anna Dickinson REF Update from HEFCE
 
Knowledge harvesting @ chevron apqc 2009 presentation
Knowledge harvesting @ chevron   apqc 2009 presentationKnowledge harvesting @ chevron   apqc 2009 presentation
Knowledge harvesting @ chevron apqc 2009 presentation
 
Value Management
Value Management Value Management
Value Management
 
A Step-by-Step Guide.pptx
A Step-by-Step Guide.pptxA Step-by-Step Guide.pptx
A Step-by-Step Guide.pptx
 
M0-Orientation-JAN2014-Final
M0-Orientation-JAN2014-FinalM0-Orientation-JAN2014-Final
M0-Orientation-JAN2014-Final
 
IQA Module 1
IQA Module 1IQA Module 1
IQA Module 1
 
04 projectintegrationmanagement
04 projectintegrationmanagement04 projectintegrationmanagement
04 projectintegrationmanagement
 
TESTING
TESTINGTESTING
TESTING
 
Keepit Course 5: Tools for Assessing Trustworthy Repositories
Keepit Course 5: Tools for Assessing Trustworthy RepositoriesKeepit Course 5: Tools for Assessing Trustworthy Repositories
Keepit Course 5: Tools for Assessing Trustworthy Repositories
 
Venlo manufacturers roundtable
Venlo manufacturers roundtable Venlo manufacturers roundtable
Venlo manufacturers roundtable
 

Último

會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽
會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽
會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽
中 央社
 
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyesppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
ashishpaul799
 
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdffIATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
17thcssbs2
 

Último (20)

TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT VẬT LÝ 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯ...
TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT VẬT LÝ 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯ...TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT VẬT LÝ 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯ...
TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT VẬT LÝ 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯ...
 
Basic Civil Engineering notes on Transportation Engineering, Modes of Transpo...
Basic Civil Engineering notes on Transportation Engineering, Modes of Transpo...Basic Civil Engineering notes on Transportation Engineering, Modes of Transpo...
Basic Civil Engineering notes on Transportation Engineering, Modes of Transpo...
 
會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽
會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽
會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽會考英聽
 
Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).
Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).
Dementia (Alzheimer & vasular dementia).
 
Post Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz 2024 - Prelims q&a.pdf
Post Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz 2024 - Prelims q&a.pdfPost Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz 2024 - Prelims q&a.pdf
Post Exam Fun(da) Intra UEM General Quiz 2024 - Prelims q&a.pdf
 
philosophy and it's principles based on the life
philosophy and it's principles based on the lifephilosophy and it's principles based on the life
philosophy and it's principles based on the life
 
size separation d pharm 1st year pharmaceutics
size separation d pharm 1st year pharmaceuticssize separation d pharm 1st year pharmaceutics
size separation d pharm 1st year pharmaceutics
 
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
....................Muslim-Law notes.pdf
 
[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online Presentation
[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online Presentation[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online Presentation
[GDSC YCCE] Build with AI Online Presentation
 
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17
How to Manage Notification Preferences in the Odoo 17
 
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdfINU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
INU_CAPSTONEDESIGN_비밀번호486_업로드용 발표자료.pdf
 
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...
Navigating the Misinformation Minefield: The Role of Higher Education in the ...
 
MichaelStarkes_UncutGemsProjectSummary.pdf
MichaelStarkes_UncutGemsProjectSummary.pdfMichaelStarkes_UncutGemsProjectSummary.pdf
MichaelStarkes_UncutGemsProjectSummary.pdf
 
Exploring Gemini AI and Integration with MuleSoft | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #45
Exploring Gemini AI and Integration with MuleSoft | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #45Exploring Gemini AI and Integration with MuleSoft | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #45
Exploring Gemini AI and Integration with MuleSoft | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #45
 
slides CapTechTalks Webinar May 2024 Alexander Perry.pptx
slides CapTechTalks Webinar May 2024 Alexander Perry.pptxslides CapTechTalks Webinar May 2024 Alexander Perry.pptx
slides CapTechTalks Webinar May 2024 Alexander Perry.pptx
 
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational ResourcesThe Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
The Benefits and Challenges of Open Educational Resources
 
Word Stress rules esl .pptx
Word Stress rules esl               .pptxWord Stress rules esl               .pptx
Word Stress rules esl .pptx
 
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyesppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
ppt your views.ppt your views of your college in your eyes
 
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 2 STEPS Using Odoo 17
 
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdffIATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
IATP How-to Foreign Travel May 2024.pdff
 

Archives Accreditation Workshop wales presentation

  • 1. Co-creating Archives Accreditation Workshop 3rd February 2012 Janice Tullock Associates
  • 2. Aims of the day • Introduce research and thinking to date • Discuss the proposed model for archives accreditation • Discuss the possible contents of an archives accreditation standard • Secure support for participation in the co- creation process
  • 3. Accreditation in the museums sector
  • 4. Co-creation “the practice of collaborative product or service development: developers and stake-holders working together.” Fronteer Strategy White Paper 2009, Co-creations 5 guiding principles
  • 5. Thinking about accreditation • What, in your opinion and experience, would make an Archives Accreditation Scheme successful in improving your service? • Please suggest up to 3 key points in order of importance
  • 6. Overview of the Project Purpose: to Design an Archives Accreditation Scheme for the UK Aims to be : • A standards scheme that drives improvement by externally validating and accrediting achievement • Purpose built to meet the needs of archives • Driven and owned by the archives sector • Focused on user needs and experiences • Affordable and deliver value for money • Open to all archives that meet basic eligibility criteria • Aligned to museum Accreditation • Replace the Self Assessment Scheme (for local government in England & Wales); dovetails with Public Record Place of Deposit and Approved Archive status and S60 monitoring. • To align with other UK archive programmes.
  • 7. Benefits of archives accreditation Or isn’t this the wrong time for this?
  • 8. Work to date • Stage 1: – Scope the aims and aspirations of partners, explore best practice models and examine how these could be transferred. – to explore how a standard should be developed to ensure sector support – To identify possible models – to assess what resources might be required to pilot, deliver and manage the standard. • Stage 2: – establish partnerships with strategic bodies and sector stakeholders – set scheme scope and parameters – conduct post-CSR review of delivery mechanisms and budgets – set up sector working groups • Stage 3: – Co-creation with the sector
  • 9. Stage 1 research : A precis • Review of the benefits and issues arising from Self- Assessment process in England and Wales • Examination & analysis of other models and discussion of improvement tool v accreditation scheme: • Self-improvement tools: – goal = achieving sustainable excellence – do not seek to accredit, recognise, or rank • Accreditation Schemes – certificate excellence or achievement of defined standards – externally validated, but may incorporate self-evaluation – formal ‘badge of approval’
  • 10. Models : Key learning points • Eligibility – Archives and/or records management – what’s being assessed? – Securing corporate buy-in • Model type – Self-improvement tool or Accreditation Scheme? • Process – Directive, or flexible and modular? – Proportionate
  • 11. Models : Learning points • Validation – small, focussed review/validation teams – use of peer reviewers • Costs – Fee charging for validation services common • Support – clear, coordinated guidance essential – one-stop-shop – quality rather than quantity – value of people support
  • 12. Stage 2 research • Refinement due to governmental policy changes • Changes due to the demise of MLA and transfer to TNA
  • 13. A Blended Solution Archives Accreditation ‘Building Block’ STANDARDS/ REQUIREMENTS MODULES GRADING / GUIDANCE & DELIVERY LEVELS SUPPORT PROCESS ASSESSMENT
  • 14. Pre-qualification or ‘milestone’ markers Options • for organisations on a journey towards full accreditation 1. Same structure as revised Museum Minimum standards Accreditation Scheme; • common to all museum and archive applicants 2. Request changes to the proposed • museums only modules for Museum Accreditation; • archives only 3. Create additional modules; or 4. Create different modules. Additional standards STANDARDS/ • Supplementary standards for certain categories of REQUIREMENTS archives and museums • ‘Silver’ standards • ‘Gold’ standards 1. Prescriptive delivery process GRADING / GUIDANCE DELIVERY & SUPPORT directed by the awarding body; MODULES LEVELS PROCESS or 2. More flexible, modular approach, offering applicants choice ASSESSMENT 1. Single minimum standard like Museum 1. TNA & MLA streamlining Accreditation; 2. MDO and/or Museum or Accreditation Officer changes 2. Stepped awards e.g. 3. Peer support networks • Star ratings (TNA Self-Assessment) 4. Centralised online guidance • Standard, Silver and Gold Awards (Artsmark) 1. Self evaluation • Levels of Excellence (EFQM Excellence Model 2. Desk review recognition awards) 3. In-house, external or mixed review/validation teams • Stepping Stones – Foundation, Intermediate, 4. Peer reviewers Full Award (International Schools Award) 5. Independent consultant assessors 6. In-house, external or mixed Moderation or Awards Panels 7. External third party accreditation bodies (e.g. UKAS)
  • 15. Recommendations •Identify common standards with museums •Develop standards specific to archives, and to different archive types •National administrative structure, coordinated centrally by TNA •Same sections as revised STANDARDS / •Open invitation process Museum Accreditation Scheme: REQUIREMENTS •Flexible, modular approach •Organisational health •Some direction and prioritisation by •Collections national assessing bodies •Users & their experience MODULES GRADING / GUIDANCE & DELIVERY LEVELS SUPPORT PROCESS ASSESSMENT •Core (minimum) standards – weighted to different archive types •Develop regional partnerships •Basic level + 1 or 2 enhanced levels •Create peer support networks •Develop central UK digital resource •Develop UK training programme •Nationally-managed assessment process, moderated by and networks through ARA a UK Panel/Committee •Level of validation for X% new applicants; X% returns •Small mixed review teams including peer reviewers •Combined committee structure with sub-panels in partnership with Museums Accreditation Scheme •Widen Committee/Panel membership to include other sectors (e.g. education, health, business)
  • 16. Discuss: The Building Block Approach 1. What might work and why? 2. What might not work and why? 3. Are there other options? STANDARDS/ REQUIREMENTS MODULES GRADING / GUIDANCE & DELIVERY LEVELS SUPPORT PROCESS ASSESSMENT
  • 17. The plan for co-creation • The creation of a “destruction” document • Series of workshops to introduce our thinking • Webinar – 9 Feb • By the 6 Feb online environment will be complete and you will be emailed joining information for the online discussions • The online forum will be web based, accessible and encourage short sharp contributions.
  • 18. Co-creating the Standard – Destruction Document layout Sections : 1. Organisational Health 2. Collections 3. Users and their experiences
  • 19. Co-creating the Standard – Destruction Document layout • Divided into : – Headline - Area of work – Objective - The goal of this section – Standard – The specific requirement – Learn more - More detail – Evidence – Resources
  • 20. Sample 1 Organisational Health 1.3 Appropriate management arrangements Objective: The interests of stakeholders and collections are served through the responsible management of the archive service. Standard: The archive service is an effective organisation that is well managed and able to provide evidence of the requirements outlined below 1.3.1 The service has a satisfactory management structure from the governing body to the user
  • 21.
  • 22. Headlines 1. What’s missing? 2. What’s described wrongly?
  • 23. Sample Section 1. What works? 2. What doesn’t work? 3. What would be your preferred text?
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.