1. NURSING FUNDAMENTALS
DR. JAMES M. ALO, RN, MAN, MAP, PhD.

2. What is nursing?
• Is the act of utilizing the
environment of the px to
Nightingale(1860) assist his recovery.
• Is the dx & tx of human
responses to actual or
ANA (1980) potential health problems
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3. ROLES of the professional nurse
1. Care 5. Protector/ Client
provider/rehabilitator advocator
2. Comforter/counselor 6. Manager
7. Researcher
3. Communicator
4. Educator/Teacher
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4. STANDARDS of nsg practice
1. Quality of care 5. Ethics
2. Performance appraisal 6. Collaboration
3. Education 7. Research
4. Collegiality 8. Resource utiization
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5. THEORIES
Theorist Theory/Framework
Nightingale (1860) Manipulating the px environment
Peplau (1952) Interpersonal processes
4 overlapping phases: Orientation, Identificatin,
Exploitation/explanation, Resolution
Henderson (1955) 14 basic needs: breath, eath/drink, eliminate, posture,
sleep, dress, temperature, hygiene, communicate,,
worship, work, play, learn & avoid dangeer.
Abdellah (1960) Nursing is caring, intelligent, competent, & technically
well-prepared service
Identified 21 specific cliet needs/nsg problems.
Orlando (1961) Nursing is interacting w/ client to meet immediate
needs
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6. Hall (1962) Coined the term “nursing process”
Nsg center on 3 components: CARE, CORE, & CURE
Levine (1966) 4 conservation principles: Conserve client energy, structural,
personal, & social integrity
Johnson (1968) Behavior system model: 7 Basic Needs; security, nurturance,
nourishment, elimination, achievement, self-protection, sex.
Rogers (1970) Science of Unitary Human Beings
Orem (1971) Self Care & Self Care Deficit Theory
King (1971) Goal Attainment Theory: 3 Dynamic interacting systems; personal,
iinterpersonal, social
Neuman (1972) Health Care system Model: goal of nsg is to assist client in
stress(intra, inter, extra-personal) reduction via primary, secondary,
tertiary levels of prevention
Patterson & Humanistic Nsg Practice: requires participants to be aware of their
Zderad (1976) “uniqueness” & @ the same time “commonality” w/ eaxh other.
The essential characteristic is nurturance.
Leininger (1978) Transcultural Nsg Model: values, beliefs, & practices
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7. Roy (1979) Adaptation Model: client as an adaptive system
Watson (1979) Human Caring Model: transpersonal & humanistic
Parse (1981) Theory of Human Becoming: clients are open, mutual, & in
constant interxn w/ environ.
Erickson (1983) Modeling & Role-Modeling Theory: Nurses act a role model
in nurturance
Benner (1989) Caring is central in nsg, creating possibilities for coping &
connecting w/ others.
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8. ETHICAL CONCEPTS that apply to nsg practice
Ethics Study of good conduct, character & motives, determining
the rightnes / wrongnes of an act
Morals Ones own personal beliefs, opinions, & attitudes that guide’s
ones action.
Values Personal belief about the worth of a given idea,, attitude,
appraisal of what is good.
Autonomy Independence or seld-governance
Beneficence Promoting good to others
Malefi cence Harm or hurt
Nonmaleficence Avoidance of harm
Confidentiality Repect for clients’ privacy
Fidelity Agreement to keep promises
Distributive justice Allocation of goods/services accdg to: equality, need, merit
Principle of double Promoting good but involving some expected unavoidable
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9. 11 Code of ethics for nurses
Safeguards
Collaborates w/
the clients
members of the
right to
health team
privacy
Protect the Safeguard the
public from cient & the
misinformation public
Assumes
Maintain conditiond of
responsibility &
employment
acountability
Imporve
Maintains
standards of
competence
nsg.
Contribute to Exercises
ongoing informed
development Provides judgment
services w/
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respect

10. Thank you.
- Dr Alo
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